月: 2023年3月

What Is Diglycerin?

Diglycerin, or diglycerol, is a polyhydric alcohol formed by the dimerization of two glycerol molecules, resulting in a compound with four hydroxyl groups. Classified under the Fire Service Law as both a “Class 4 Hazardous Substance” and “Class 3 Petroleum,” it presents as a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid. Produced through the dehydration-condensation of glycerin, diglycerin is purified from a mix that includes triglycerin via distillation.

Its hygroscopic nature and excellent moisture retention make it a favored moisturizer in cosmetics, alongside various industrial applications such as raw materials for urethane and surfactants, and as a plasticizer for water-soluble polymers.

Uses of Diglycerin

In cosmetics, diglycerin is prized for its skin compatibility, enhancing hydration without irritation, and is found in lotions, facial cleansers, and massage gels. Industrially, it serves as a versatile raw material in polyurethane production, surfactant synthesis, and as a highly polar stationary phase in gas chromatography due to its four reactive hydroxyl groups.

Properties of Diglycerin

Water and ethanol soluble but ether insoluble, diglycerin boasts a flash point of 190-202°C and a specific gravity of 1.29. Comparatively, it offers a lighter skin feel than glycerin and poses a lower risk of promoting acne-causing bacteria.

Structure of Diglycerin

The molecular essence of diglycerin involves the condensation of two glycerol units, retaining four hydroxyl groups, which contribute to its hydrophilic nature. Its chemical formula is O [CH₂CH (OH) CH₂OH]₂, indicating its capacity for forming derivatives like diglycerin fatty acid ester when an ester bond is introduced.

Other Information on Diglycerin

Surfactants With Diglycerin Structure

Diglycerin-based surfactants, such as diglycerol fatty acid esters, exhibit hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties determined by the fatty acid types esterified to the diglycerin backbone. These include variants like diglycerin laureate, stearate, and olate, with surfactant performance varying based on the fatty acid chain length. However, full esterification of all hydroxyl groups eliminates its surfactant functionality by removing the hydrophilic group.

What Is Dichlorobenzene?

Dichlorobenzene is a chemical compound derived from benzene, in which two hydrogen atoms are replaced with chlorine atoms. There are three isomers of dichlorobenzene, namely ortho-dichlorobenzene (o-dichlorobenzene), meta-dichlorobenzene (m-dichlorobenzene), and para-dichlorobenzene (p-dichlorobenzene), differing in the positions of the chlorine atoms on the benzene ring. The production of dichlorobenzene typically involves the chlorination of benzene using an iron catalyst, yielding a mixture of the o- and p-isomers.

Uses of Dichlorobenzene

1. O-Dichlorobenzene

O-dichlorobenzene is used in the production of intermediates for resins, dyes, pigments, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural chemicals. It also serves as a quarantine insecticide, disinfectant, heat-transfer medium, and solvent.

2. M-Dichlorobenzene

M-dichlorobenzene is utilized as an intermediate in the synthesis of agrochemicals, dyes, pigments, and pharmaceuticals.

3. P-Dichlorobenzene

P-dichlorobenzene is commonly used as a deodorant, insecticide for clothing, disinfectant, heat transfer medium, raw material for organic synthesis (such as PPS resin), and solvent.

Properties of Dichlorobenzene

Dichlorobenzene has the molecular formula C6H4Cl2 and a molecular weight of 147.004. It is almost insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol, ether, and acetone.

1. O-Dichlorobenzene

O-dichlorobenzene, with CAS number 95-50-1, is a colorless to yellow liquid with a distinctive aroma. It is non-flammable but can form explosive mixtures with air near its flash point. It has a melting point of -17°C and a boiling point of 180-183°C.

2. M-Dichlorobenzene

M-dichlorobenzene, CAS number 541-73-1, is a clear, colorless liquid and is non-flammable. It has a melting point of -24.8°C and a boiling point of 173°C.

3. P-Dichlorobenzene

P-dichlorobenzene, CAS number 106-46-7, is colorless with a camphor-like odor. It has a melting point of 53°C and a boiling point of 174°C. It is hazardous when heated and can produce toxic hydrogen chloride fumes.

Other Information on Dichlorobenzene

Handling and Storage

Dichlorobenzene should be handled with appropriate protective gear, including respiratory protection, gloves, and eyewear. Work areas should be well-ventilated. Store it in a cool, ventilated area, away from flames and oxidizing agents.

First Aid Measures

In case of inhalation, seek medical attention if symptoms occur. For skin contact, wash with water and seek medical advice if necessary. In case of eye contact, rinse with water for several minutes. If swallowed, do not induce vomiting; seek immediate medical attention.

What Is Cytosine?

Cytosine is an organic compound that appears as a white or nearly white crystalline powder. It is a derivative of pyrimidine and plays a crucial role in the structure of nucleic acids. The chemical formula of cytosine is C4H5N3O, with a molecular weight of 111.10, and its CAS number is 71-30-7.

Structure of Cytosine

Cytosine is one of the five major nucleobases found in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), both of which contain genetic information. In the structure of DNA, cytosine is a pyrimidine base with an amino group at the 4′ carbon position. In the DNA double helix, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Nucleobases like cytosine are attached to sugars (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA) and phosphate groups to form nucleotides, which are the building blocks of nucleic acids. The sequence of these nucleotides in nucleic acids carries genetic information.

Properties of Cytosine

Cytosine is more soluble in hot water than in cold water and is insoluble in ethanol and acetone. It is chemically stable, with its primary vulnerability being potential alteration by light exposure.

Uses of Cytosine

Cytosine is primarily used in organic synthesis as a raw material. As a component of nucleic acids, it is present in the cells of all living organisms, making it significant for various biological functions. In the medical field, cytosine has potential applications, although its practical uses are currently limited to research and development stages, including animal experiments and patent applications.

What Is Cytidine?

Cytidine is a nucleoside composed of the pyrimidine base cytosine bonded glycosidically to the 5th carbon of ribose. Cytosine is one of the four bases in DNA, and when bonded to ribose, it forms a nucleoside. These nucleosides join with phosphate and other compounds to construct DNA. In RNA, cytidine corresponds to uracil and is involved in processes like transcription, translation, cell division, and proliferation. It has been reported to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. When nitrite is applied to cytidine, uridine is produced.

Uses of Cytidine

1. As a Building Block of RNA and DNA:
   Cytidine plays a crucial role as a component of RNA and DNA, which stores genetic information.
2. Medical Applications:
   Cytosine arabinoside, a derivative of cytidine, is used as a pyrimidine metabolic antagonist in cancer treatment. Cytidine derivatives also exhibit antiviral activities.
3. Food and Supplement Industry:
   Cytidine, along with thymine, is involved in metabolic processes in the body, making it a component in foods and supplements.

Properties of Cytidine

Cytidine is soluble in water, alcohol, and organic solvents like acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), diethyl ether, and chloroform. It is stable under normal conditions but more susceptible to degradation in acidic environments due to its basic nature.

Structure of Cytidine

Cytidine is a nucleoside with a nitrogen-containing pyrimidine base, cytosine, attached to the 5-position carbon of ribose. It exhibits weak basicity due to a negative charge on the nitrogen atom and can be hydrolyzed by acids.

Other Information on Cytidine

Production of Cytidine

Cytidine is synthesized intracellularly but industrially produced mainly through chemical synthesis, where cytosine reacts with ribose under basic conditions. Biochemical methods using microorganisms like yeast and bacteria exist but are more common in research than industrial applications due to the complex mixture produced.

What Is Cyclohexene?

Cyclohexene is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H10. It is also known as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzene.

Its CAS registration number is 110-83-8. It has a molecular weight of 82.14, a melting point of -104°C, and a boiling point of 83°C. At room temperature, it is a colorless liquid with a phenolic odor. It has a density of 0.811 g/mL and a solubility in water of 0.21 g/L (at 20°C). 

Although it is insoluble in water, it is readily soluble in ethanol and acetone.

Uses of Cyclohexene

Cyclohexene, like other organic compounds, is used as an organic solvent and as a solvent for adhesives. Synthetically, it is used as a raw material for synthesizing various organic compounds such as adipic acid and maleic acid.

Cyclohexene derivatives are used in a variety of products, including agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. They are also used as odor additives for city gas because they have a distinctive odor but do not contain sulfur.

Properties of Cyclohexene

Cyclohexene can be synthesized by partial hydrogenation of benzene. It can also be obtained laboratory scale by acid-catalyzed dehydration and distillation of cyclohexanol.

Cyclohexene can also be synthesized from cyclohexanol. In this synthetic route, cyclohexanone is also produced as a byproduct during the dehydrogenation reaction, which can be used as a precursor for caprolactam.

Structure of Cyclohexene

The restable conformation of cyclohexene is a semi-single conformation. In cyclohexene, all C-H bonds are restable in the chair conformation to avoid steric hindrance, while cyclohexene has a double bond in the molecule and this part is planar.

Types of Cyclohexene

Cyclohexene is generally sold as a reagent product for research and development and as an industrial raw material chemical. As reagent products for research and development, they are available in 25mL, 500mL, 1L, 2L, and other capacities. They are reagent products to be handled at room temperature.

Dibutylhydroxytoluene (BHT) may be added as an antioxidant to prevent peroxide formation.

These are large capacities to meet the demand of factories and other applications. Products for industrial use are offered in capacities and packing formats such as 160 kg drums, 18 T containers, and 10 T tank trucks.

The main applications of this compound are expected to be odorants, solvents, and agrochemical raw materials.

Other Information on Cyclohexene

1. Chemical Reaction of Cyclohexene

Cyclohexene reacts with light and air to produce peroxides. Often, it is distilled to remove the peroxide just prior to use.

The hydration reaction of cyclohexene produces cyclohexanol. Adipic acid can also be synthesized by oxidative cleavage of cyclohexene. In this reaction, hydrogen peroxide is used as an oxidant and the reaction proceeds in the presence of a tungsten catalyst.

2. Safety Information on Cyclohexene

Cyclohexene has been reported to be hazardous to human health, specifically, it is toxic by oral ingestion and may cause nervous system damage, irritation to the respiratory tract, drowsiness or dizziness. It is also a highly flammable substance with a low flash point of -17°C. It is highly volatile, and there is a risk of peroxide formation and explosion upon contact with air.

What Is Cycloheximide?

Cycloheximide is an antibiotic with a range from colorless to light brown, known for its use in biochemical research due to its ability to inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Its IUPAC name is 4-[(2R)-2-[(1S,3S,5S)-3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl]-2-hydroxyethyl]piperidine-2,6-dione, and it is also referred to as actidione, naramycin A, or U-4527.

Uses of Cycloheximide

1. Protein Synthesis Inhibitor

Primarily used in vitro due to its toxicity, cycloheximide inhibits eukaryotic protein synthesis by blocking tRNA and mRNA movement on the ribosome. It’s notable for its quick action and reversibility. Cycloheximide does not affect mitochondrial protein synthesis, aiding in distinguishing between mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protein origins.

2. Agricultural Applications

Though its use has declined due to toxicity concerns, Cycloheximide has been employed as a plant growth regulator, pesticide, and antifungal agent for specific plant diseases. It’s used in various applications, including beer fermentation cultures to inhibit bacterial contamination.

Properties of Cycloheximide

Cycloheximide, with the chemical formula C₁₅H₂₃NO₄ and a molecular weight of 281.35, is solid at room temperature. It is soluble in organic solvents and moderately soluble in water, with stability varying across different pH levels.

Other Information About Cycloheximide

1. Production

Produced naturally by streptomyces griseus, cycloheximide is obtained as a by-product of streptomycin production through fermentation.

2. Regulatory Information

Cycloheximide is subject to strict regulatory controls due to its hazardous nature, including requirements for labeling, notification, and precautions for handling and storage under various national laws and regulations.

3. Handling and Storage Precautions

Precautions include avoiding strong oxidizers, using local exhaust ventilation during handling, and specific methods for fire extinguishing. Cycloheximide should be kept in light-shielded, sealed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area.