月: 2023年3月

What Is a Pillow Block?

A pillow block is a bearing assembly that includes a housing with a mounting seat and bolt holes for mounting on a support surface parallel to the bearing center axis, along with a radial bearing.

The choice between spherical ball bearings and spherical roller bearings depends on the shaft diameter, with the bearing housing and bearings being interchangeable across different manufacturers.

Uses of Pillow Blocks

Figure 1. Example of Plummer Block Application (Turbofan Bearing)

Pillow blocks support rotating shafts with bearings in situations where the machine or equipment cannot directly accommodate the bearings, typically installed at both ends of a shaft.

• They offer reliable support in various environments, including dusty or outdoor settings.
• The bearings within pillow blocks are easily replaceable, facilitating maintenance.

Principle of Pillow Blocks

Figure 2. Fixed Side and Free Side

Pillow blocks, accommodating both radial and a certain amount of thrust loads, should differentiate between the fixed side and the free side for optimal performance, as illustrated in Figure 2.

Structure of Pillow Blocks

Figure 3. Structure of a Plummer Block (Segmented Type)

The structure of a pillow block includes a bearing housing, bearings, and a shaft seal, which can be of the split or integral type, each suited for different applications.

1. Bearing Housing

The split type, allowing for easy bearing replacement and maintenance, contrasts with the integral type, known for its rigidity and suitability for large shaft diameters.

2. Shaft Seal

Shaft seals, crucial for preventing lubricant leakage, vary between contact and non-contact types, each offering different benefits.

Other Information on Pillow Blocks

1. Standards for Pillow Blocks

Pillow blocks adhere to standards such as ISO 113, ensuring reliability and quality.

2. Material of Pillow Blocks

Materials used for pillow block housings include grey cast iron, spheroidal graphite cast iron, carbon steel castings, and carbon steel forgings, chosen for their durability and performance.

3. Difference Between Pillow Block and Plummer Block

Another bearing assembly with a similar shape and usage to the pillow block is the pillow block. Both are used by assembling a bearing housing and a bearing, but there are some differences.

While the plummer block allows the replacement of individual bearings, the pillow block does not allow replacement of individual bearings and requires replacement of the entire assembly.

Other differences in application are as follows.

	Pillow Blocks	Plummer Blocks
Loads that can be supported	Large loads	Relatively small load
Applicable shaft diameter	Large diameter	Small bore diameter
Rotation supported	High-speed rotation	Low-speed rotation

What Is a Microprocessor?

A microprocessor is a semiconductor chip that acts as the central processing unit of a computer, handling arithmetic operations and controlling peripheral devices. Its evolution from multiple chips on a large circuit board to a single chip began around 1970, with the first microprocessor debuting in 1971.

Modern microprocessors integrate functionalities that once required separate chips, such as memory, graphics, and various interface functions. This integration has significantly contributed to device miniaturization and weight reduction.

Uses of Microprocessors

Microprocessors are essential in a vast array of devices for computational and control tasks. They are found in computer systems ranging from supercomputers to consumer electronics like smartphones and tablets, as well as in a multitude of consumer and professional devices such as televisions, audio equipment, vehicles, and measuring instruments.

Principles of Microprocessors

Microprocessors function by fetching instructions from memory, decoding them, executing operations or control tasks based on these instructions, and then writing back the results. This cycle enables them to perform complex tasks like running spreadsheets, managing video displays, or controlling room temperatures.

How to Select Microprocessors

The selection of a microprocessor depends on its intended use, broadly categorized into personal computer and embedded system applications:

1. For Personal Computers

PC microprocessors are designed for high processing power and large memory capacity, suitable for demanding applications and data processing. They often support widespread operating systems like Windows, offering a wide range of applications and lower development costs, though they tend to be more expensive for mass production.

2. Embedded Systems

Embedded microprocessors are generally more cost-effective, with integrated functionalities like timers and converters. However, they have lower processing capacities compared to PC microprocessors and require specific software development.

Other Information on Microprocessors

1. Microprocessor vs CPU

While microprocessors and CPUs (central processing units) are fundamentally similar, serving as the central processing unit in computers, the term ‘CPU‘ is more commonly used in recent times, especially to differentiate it from other types of processors like GPUs.

2. Bit Count and Operating Frequency

Microprocessors have evolved from processing 4-bit data to the standard 64-bit data today. This change has necessitated a shift from 32-bit to 64-bit operating systems, affecting software compatibility. Additionally, modern microprocessors operate in the GHz range, signifying their ability to perform billions of operations per second.

What Is a Dehydrator?

A dehydrator is a device used to remove water from products. For example, in the food manufacturing industry, water droplets may adhere to retort pouches. Without proper dehydration, these water droplets can lead to mold growth and package damage when the products are boxed.

In the past, dehydrators were used for initial water removal, but often manual intervention was needed to ensure complete dryness.

Uses of Dehydrators

Dehydrators are primarily used in the food industry, particularly for drying retort pouches, including modern standing pouches. They are also effective for removing surface water from various food items like ham, sausages, and canned or bottled products. Beyond food items, dehydrators are employed for any products requiring water removal after rinsing.

Principle of Dehydrators

Dehydrators typically utilize powerful blowers to remove water. Depending on the product, hot air may also be employed. Manufacturers vary in their approaches regarding blower number, angle, and the structure of the support for the items being dried.

While more powerful blowers can generate significant noise, modern dehydrators are designed to be quieter and more energy-efficient. The use of inverters for airflow rate adjustment has contributed to noise reduction and energy conservation.

Maintainability is crucial, especially for food products, to ensure hygiene. This includes regular maintenance of the air-blowing parts and the overall structure of the dehydrator.

What Is a Hang Rail?

A hang rail is a versatile fixture installed on ceilings and walls for hanging items like sliding doors, tools, and semi-finished products. It serves as a track for sliding mechanisms in various settings.

Constructed from materials like aluminum, stainless steel, and steel, hang rails are available in both straight and curved designs, suitable for diverse applications.

Selection of a hang rail involves considering its shape, length, and material, based on the specific requirements of the installation site.

Uses of Hang Rails

Hang rails are widely used in industrial and commercial settings, including factories, warehouses, construction sites, agricultural facilities, and healthcare institutions. They offer practical solutions for:

• Sliding doors and vinyl curtains in industrial environments
• Transporting products and tools in factories
• Moving agricultural materials in greenhouses and farms
• Supporting fittings, sliding doors, and partitioning in various locations
• Providing hanging solutions for dustproof and soundproof materials, tools, and cables
• Creating partitions in areas where aesthetics or hygiene are crucial, like gymnasiums, hospitals, and food processing facilities
• Discreet curtains hanging in bathrooms and changing areas

Principle of Hang Rails

Hang rail systems comprise several components to ensure functionality and durability:

• Brackets for mounting the rails
• Joint bearings and doorstops for connecting and positioning the rail
• Matching hanging wheels for the intended load
• Rail holders for connecting rails between brackets
• Side covers for aesthetics and safety
• Guide rollers for stability and wind resistance

Materials like steel and stainless steel, often treated with powder coating or urethane resin, provide strength, corrosion resistance, and easy maintenance, making them ideal for various applications.

What Is a Leveling Mount?

A leveling mount is a mechanical component that adjusts the height or maintains the level of machinery and equipment.

Also known as leveling pads or adjuster bolts, these devices enhance stability and precision.

For portable applications, leveling mounts with casters are used. These mounts lift the casters for stability during operation.

Some designs include non-slip or anti-vibration rubber bottoms for added functionality.

Uses of Leveling Mounts

Leveling mounts are crucial in industrial settings, supporting machinery such as machine tools, packaging machinery, and conveyor systems. They are also used in office environments, supporting desks, and other office appliances. Their design varies from lightweight to heavyweight, depending on the load capacity required.

They are essential for precision instruments and processing machines, allowing for accurate installation on uneven surfaces. Angle-adjustable mounts provide versatility for both level and inclined setups.

Principle of Leveling Mounts

Leveling mounts consist of a floor-contact base, a height-adjustable bolt, and a securing nut. Available in heavy-weight and medium-light-weight models, they should be chosen based on equipment weight. Load capacity may be measured in dN or N.

Height adjustment is achieved by turning a nut on the base, followed by securing the bolt with a double-nut mechanism.

While typically adjusted with a wrench, some mounts allow for top adjustment using a flathead screwdriver, enhancing ease of use.

What Is a One-Touch Joint?

A one-touch joint is a type of connector that allows for easy connection and disconnection by simply inserting a plug into a socket and releasing it by moving the sleeve. This technology simplifies the process of connecting two tubes, attaching tubes with male or female threads to pipes, and selecting materials based on specific requirements, including clean environment compatibility and static electricity prevention.

Uses of One-Touch Joints

One-touch joints are versatile in connecting air and water pipes, enabling secure flow paths in various applications. They are particularly useful in environments that require frequent connection changes, such as compressed air systems in factories, automotive maintenance, woodworking machines, machine tools, and domestic water systems for gardens and car washes. In industrial sectors like agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals, these joints meet additional requirements for static electricity prevention and corrosion resistance.

Principle of One-Touch Joints

Unlike traditional sleeve-nut joints, which require tools for connection, one-touch joints provide a tool-free solution. They maintain the inner diameter of the tube throughout the connection, minimizing pressure loss and ensuring efficient fluid flow.

Characteristics of One-Touch Joints

1. One-Touch Connection/Disconnection

These joints allow for quick and secure connection and disconnection, with built-in mechanisms to prevent fluid leakage and hose twisting.

2. Materials Used

Constructed from various materials including polypropylene, stainless steel, and brass, one-touch joints offer lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and food-safe options for a wide range of applications.

3. Additional Features

Special features include purge plugs to prevent recoil and noise, and sockets with lock functions to ensure secure connections.

Other Information on One-Touch Joints

Hoses Used for One-Touch Joints

Various hoses, including nylon, urethane, and fluoroplastic tubing, can be used with one-touch joints, chosen based on the specific application’s requirements.

What Is an Ozone Water Generator?

Figure 1. Characteristics of ozone

An ozone water generator produces low-concentration ozone in water from pure water or air. Ozone, a molecule of three oxygen atoms, is dissolved in water to create ozone water. Its highly oxidizing and reactive nature allows it to break down carbohydrates, making it useful for sterilization, deodorization, and bleaching.

Uses of Ozone Water Generators

Ozone water generators are widely used for sterilizing and deodorizing in food, food service, and medical industries. They are also employed in tap water sterilization to reduce odors and tastes compared to traditional chlorine treatments. However, since ozone decomposes easily, disinfection with sodium hypochlorite is still used for safety reasons. In the semiconductor and solar cell industries, high-concentration ozone is used for metal removal and organic film etching.

Principle of Ozone Water Generators

Figure 2. Types of ozone water generators

Ozone water is produced through electrical discharge, electrolysis of water, or ultraviolet irradiation. Discharge types, including silent and corona discharge, convert oxygen to ozone via electrical discharge. The electrolysis type generates oxygen and ozone at the anode using lead dioxide or platinum electrodes. Ultraviolet irradiation types produce ozone by dissociating oxygen molecules with ultraviolet light.

Other Information on Ozone Water Generators

1. Principle of Action of Ozone Water

Figure 3. Mechanism of action of ozone

Ozone reacts in water to produce powerful oxidants like OH radicals. These radicals break down organic matter, inactivating cell walls, enzymes, and nucleic acids, leading to sterilization and deodorization effects.

2. Use of Ozone Water in Atomizers

Ozone water generators also convert ozone water into a fine mist, enabling its use for deodorizing and sterilizing small spaces. The mist is distributed effectively in enclosed areas, maintaining sterilization capabilities even after partial decomposition.

3. Quarantine Use of Ozone Water Generators

Ozone water is used for sterilizing and decontaminating in quarantine situations and biological disasters. Its on-site generation capability, harmlessness, and ability to break down into oxygen make it an advantageous solution for pandemic or disaster responses.

What Is a Clean Swab?

A clean swab is a small, stick-shaped tool with cotton, foam, or another material attached to one end. It is held from the opposite end for use. Widely known as swabs, these tools are employed in diverse fields such as medicine and manufacturing for the precise collection of minute samples.

In the fields of medicine and scientific research, where precision is paramount, clean swabs are invaluable. They are also utilized in manufacturing and cleanroom environments to meticulously clean small parts and surfaces, thus enhancing product quality.

However, selecting the swab with the appropriate material and quality for its intended application is crucial, as the wrong choice can compromise accuracy and effectiveness.

Uses of Clean Swabs

Clean swabs find applications in various domains:

1. Medical

For diagnosing infectious diseases, such as influenza, clean swabs are used to collect samples from the throat or nose. They are particularly significant in PCR testing for detecting viral genes. Additionally, they facilitate cellular diagnostics by collecting body fluids and cells to check for cancerous or abnormal cells, with cervical cancer testing being a notable example.

2. Manufacturing Industry

In the semiconductor and pharmaceutical sectors, clean swabs are indispensable for maintaining cleanroom environments. They help remove microscopic particles and dust, crucial for product quality and precision instrument and electronic component manufacturing quality control. In the food industry, swabs are used for sanitary inspections to ensure food quality and safety by testing for microorganisms and bacteria.

3. Environmental Measurements

Swabs are used for collecting microbiological samples from water to assess water quality and contamination levels, including beach water quality testing. They also gather particulates and microorganisms from the air for air quality monitoring and microbial studies.

Principle of Clean Swabs

Clean swabs consist of a stick and a tip, with the former serving as the handle. Materials for the stick include wood, polycarbonate, and aluminum, with plastic and wood being common choices. The tip, designed for sample collection, varies in shape and material, including cotton, foam, and polyester, to suit specific applications. Polyester filament cotton balls, for instance, are abrasion-resistant, highly absorbent, emit low dust, and are suitable for cleanroom use. Cotton is preferred in medical applications for its softness and absorption capacity, while foam finds use in cosmetics.

How to Choose a Clean Swab

Considerations when selecting a clean swab include:

1. Head Material

The choice of head material varies by application. Cotton heads, used primarily for medical diagnostics and general sample collection, are absorbent and gentle on the skin. Synthetic materials like polyester and polyurethane, chosen for microbiological studies and cleanroom cleaning, offer durability and chemical resistance.

2. Length

Swab length should match its use environment and sample collection method, with shorter swabs typically used in medical settings and longer ones in cleanroom cleaning. Length influences operation ease and reach.

3. Head Shape

The head shape affects access to specific areas, with circular shapes being common. Tapered heads aid in reaching narrow spaces, and arrow-tube shapes are ideal for liquid sample collection and handling.