月: 2023年3月

Cyclopentanol

What Is Cyclopentanol?

Cyclopentanol is an organic compound formed when one hydrogen atom in cyclopentane is replaced with a hydroxy group. Its CAS number is 96-41-3, with a molecular formula of C5H10O and a molecular weight of 86.13. It has a melting point of -19℃ and a boiling point of 139-140℃. At room temperature, cyclopentanol appears as a colorless to slightly yellow liquid with an unpleasant odor and a density of 0.949 g/mL. It is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohols, ethers, and acetone. Cyclopentanol is also known as cyclopentyl alcohol or hydroxycyclopentane.

Uses of Cyclopentanol

Cyclopentanol is primarily used as a general solvent and in the preparation of flavors and fragrances. It is also used as a raw material in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. As a precursor to cyclopentanone, cyclopentanol can be converted to cyclopentanone using catalysts like TEMPO. This conversion is significant as cyclopentanone is a valuable compound for various industrial applications, including as a biodegradable alternative to environmentally harmful cleaning solutions such as CFCs and 1,1,1-trichloroethane.

Principle of Cyclopentanol

1. Properties of Cyclopentanol

Cyclopentanol is a flammable liquid with a flash point of 51°C and should be handled away from heat, sparks, and open flames. It is acutely toxic and requires proper protective equipment during handling. In case of fire, irritating, corrosive, and toxic gases may be released.

2. Chemical Reactions of Cyclopentanol

Cyclopentanol can be synthesized by adding water to cyclopentene in the presence of an acid catalyst. Conversely, dehydration of cyclopentanol yields cyclopentene and water.

Types of Cyclopentanol

Cyclopentanol is typically sold as a chemical reagent for laboratory use in various quantities, such as 25 g, 5 mL, 25 mL, 100 mL, and 500 mL. It can be stored at room temperature.

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Cholic Acid

What Is Cholic Acid?

Cholic-Acid_コール酸_-1

Figure 1. Basic information on cholic acid

Cholic Acid is a bile acid with a chemical formula of C24H40O5. It is typical of steroids.

The liver can synthesize cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, the primary bile, from cholesterol. They also form conjugates with the amino acids glycine and taurine, and are secreted into the duodenum as bile components.

The secreted primary bile acids can be released from glycine and taurine by the action of intestinal bacteria in the small intestine. They are then converted to deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, called secondary bile acids, which are returned to the liver from the terminal end of the small intestine.

Uses of Cholic Acid

Animal bile has been used in herbal medicine since ancient times. Among them, bear bile, made from dried bear bile, is said to be effective for pain near the gallbladder, one of the three most painful conditions. Its main ingredient is ursodeoxycholic acid, a secondary bile acid.

Cholic acid is used as a medicine. Ursodeoxycholic acid is used as a gastrointestinal drug, while chenodeoxycholic acid is used as a drug therapy for cholesterol-based gallstone dissolution and as a gastrointestinal drug.

Properties of Cholic Acid

Cholic Acid is slightly soluble in water. Its melting point is 200-201°C and boiling point is 583-584°C.

When recrystallized with dilute acetic acid, it produces a plate-like crystal with one molecule of crystalline water. When recrystallized from alcohol, crystals with a single molecule of alcohol are produced; heating to 130°C removes the crystalline solvent and can produce an anhydride.

It emulsifies water-insoluble substances such as fats in the intestinal tract, thereby aiding digestion and absorption and facilitating enzymatic action. It is present in the bile of most vertebrates in peptide bonds with glycine or taurine.

Structure of Cholic Acid

Cholic Acid is a steroid that forms amides with amino acids and is found in many organisms. Steroids are naturally occurring triterpenoids. Terpenoids are derivatives of isoprene-based hydrocarbons, terpenes, that have functional groups such as hydroxy and carbonyl groups.

Cholic Acid is also called 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid. Its molecular weight is 408.579 g/mol and its density is 1.2 g/cm3.

Other Information on Cholic Acid

1. Glycolic Acid in the Body

Cholic Acid is usually condensed with amino acids and exists as a conjugated bile acid. In humans, the majority are glycocholic acid and taurocholic acid. Cholic Acid in its raw form can cause tissue damage.

2. Characteristics of Cholic Acid

Cholic-Acid_コール酸_-2

Figure 2. Basic information on glycolic acid

Glycolic Acid is a conjugated bile acid that is a condensation of cholic acid and glycine. It accounts for about two-thirds of human bile acids and is a transparent bile acid capable of emulsifying fats.

It is biosynthesized by the reaction of glycine and choryl CoA. Its chemical formula is C26H43NO6, its molecular weight is 465.6 g/mol, and its melting point is 130°C. It is a bile acid of mammals and also exists transformed to its sodium salt.

3. Characteristics of Taurocholic Acid

Cholic-Acid_コール酸_-3.

Figure 3. Basic information on taurocholic acid

Taurocholic acid is a conjugated bile acid that is a condensation of cholic acid and taurine. It is a clear yellow bile acid with fusible properties and accounts for about one-third of human bile acids. It is biosynthesized by the reaction of taurine and cholic acid. Its chemical formula is C26H45NO7S, its molecular weight is 515.7 g/mol, and its melting point is 125.0°C.

Medicinally, it is used as a cholecystokinin and diuretic. Commercially, it can be produced from bovine bile, a byproduct of the meat industry. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) in newborn rats is 380 mg/kg.

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Chenodeoxycholic Acid

What Is Chenodeoxycholic Acid?

Chenodeoxycholic acid, a primary bile acid produced in the liver of birds, mammals, and fish, plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats. Its IUPAC name is 3α,7α-Dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid, also known as chenodiol or CDCA. Derived from the Greek word “keno” for duck, it was first isolated from this source.

Uses of Chenodeoxycholic Acid

1. Gallstone Dissolution

As a significant bile acid, chenodeoxycholic acid is utilized to dissolve gallstones made primarily of cholesterol. Administered orally, it helps dissolve small to medium-sized gallstones by promoting bile flow. However, it is not effective against large or calcified gallstones. Common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, and potential liver function abnormalities. Caution is advised when used with certain medications, including those for diabetes and cholesterol management.

2. Treatment of Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis

Chenodeoxycholic acid has shown efficacy in managing cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, a rare metabolic disorder, by improving cholestanol levels. Early treatment can mitigate symptoms like Achilles tendon thickening and neurological issues.

Properties of Chenodeoxycholic Acid

With the chemical formula C₂₄H₄₀O₄ and a molecular weight of 392.57, chenodeoxycholic acid is a white crystalline powder. It has a melting point of 165-167°C and exhibits solubility in ethanol, acetone, and acetic acid but is sparingly soluble in water.

Other Information on Chenodeoxycholic Acid

1. Production Process

Chenodeoxycholic acid can be synthesized from cholic acid through esterification, protection, oxidation, and reduction steps, including the Wolff-Kichner reduction to remove the carbonyl group. It can also be extracted and purified from porcine bile.

2. Handling and Storage Precautions

Take care to avoid exposure to strong oxidizing agents when handling chenodeoxycholic acid. Use protective equipment and ensure good hygiene practices. In case of fire, employ appropriate extinguishing methods. For skin contact, wash thoroughly and seek medical attention if irritation persists. Store the compound in a cool, light-shielded environment to prevent degradation.

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Ketene

What Is Ketene?

Ketene is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH2CO. The term ‘ketene’ may also refer to compounds where another atomic group replaces one of the hydrogen atoms, and when referring specifically to those with a hydrogen atom, they are sometimes called ketene monomers.

Ketenes with only one hydrogen atom substituted by another substituent are known as aldoketene, while those with both hydrogen atoms substituted are called ketoketene. Ketene is a gaseous substance with a pungent odor at room temperature. Aldoketene is colorless, whereas ketoketene is yellow.

Uses of Ketene

Ketene monomers are highly reactive and can react with various substances, including water, alcohol, and acetic acid. A significant industrial derivative of ketene is dehydroacetic acid. Ketene monomers are utilized in the industrial production of dehydroacetic acid, which has antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. It is added to cosmetics and food products as an oil-soluble preservative and is also used in the treatment of ringworm. The sodium salt of dehydroacetic acid is also employed as a preservative.

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Cinnamic Acid

What Is Cinnamic Acid?

Cinnamic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5CH=CHCOOH. It consists of a benzene ring substituted with an ethylene carboxyl group, classifying it as an aromatic unsaturated carboxylic acid.

While both cis-trans isomers are sometimes referred to as cinnamic acid, strictly speaking, the E-isomer is cinnamic acid, and the Z-isomer is allocinnamic acid. Allocinnamic acid is unstable and easily isomerizes to the E-isomer. Their CAS registry numbers are 621-82-9 (mixture), 140-10-3 (E form), and 102-94-3 (Z form).

Uses of Cinnamic Acid

Cinnamic acid is used as a herbicide, plant growth inhibitor, fungicide, and preservative. Its ester derivatives serve as raw materials in the production of fragrances, food additives, cosmetics, and agricultural chemicals. For instance, methyl cinnamate and ethyl cinnamate are primarily used in food additives for flavoring. Additionally, in pharmaceutical applications, cinnamic acid is used as a local anesthetic, disinfectant, hemostatic agent, and redness agent.

Other derivatives, such as ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and methyl diisopropyl cinnamate, are known for their high UV absorption capabilities and are used in cosmetics as anti-fading agents, UV absorbers, and scattering agents.

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Glucan

What Is Glucan?

Glucan is a general term for polysaccharides composed of glucose units. The most well-known types of glucan are α-glucan and β-glucan.

α-Glucans include amylose, found in rice and rice cakes, and glycogen, an animal storage sugar. These glucans, which also contain dextrin and starch produced by plants through photosynthesis, contribute to the sweet taste of foods.

β-Glucan, on the other hand, is found in fungi and plants. While it is not broken down or absorbed by the human body, it is believed to offer significant health benefits.

Uses of Glucan

Glucans, particularly β-glucans, have several notable effects:

Effects on Concentration
The α-glucans such as starch, amylose, and amylopectin are broken down by the enzyme amylase and absorbed as glucose, which is a primary energy source for the brain. This process can improve concentration and memory.
Immunity-Enhancing Effects
β-Glucans support the immune system and increase resistance to bacteria and viruses. They promote the production of interferon, an immune-related substance, and can help prevent and alleviate symptoms of colds and allergies due to their immunological effects.
Anti-Cancer Potential
β-Glucans are also researched for their potential in cancer suppression through immune system enhancement. They can activate immune cells like natural killer cells and macrophages, which help inhibit the growth of cancer cells. β-Glucans have been recognized for their tumor-suppressive effects.

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Glucuronolactone

What Is Glucuronolactone?

Glucuronolactone is a white to light brown crystalline powder organic compound.

It is also known as D(+)-glucuronolactone, D-glucurono-3,6-lactone, glucurone, glucuronic acid lactone).

Glucuronolactone is not regulated by any of the major national laws and regulations.

Uses of Glucuronolactone

Glucuronolactone is mainly used in the pharmaceutical field, where it is useful in medicines for liver diseases, drinks to relieve fatigue, and drugs for acne and skin problems. In the human body, glucuronolactone acts on the liver and helps the liver function.

Glucuronolactone is converted to glucuronic acid by water in the human body. In the liver, glucuronic acid combines with waste materials that are unnecessary for humans to form glucuronide conjugates. The formation of the complex facilitates the elimination of waste substances from the body. This mechanism has the effect of increasing the liver’s detoxification capacity and blood flow.

In addition to improving the function of the liver, glucuronolactone also has an ameliorative effect on symptoms of hives, eczema, and pregnancy toxicity. These effects are not powerful, but they have few side effects.

Properties of Glucuronolactone

The chemical formula is C₆H₈O and the molecular weight is 176.12. The CAS number is 32449-92-6.

Its melting point is 170°C and it is solid at room temperature. It is an odorless compound, easily soluble in water and virtually insoluble in ethanol and acetic acid.

Types of Glucuronolactone

When dissolved in water, it yields an aqueous solution in which both of the compatible isomers, glucuronolactone and glucuronic acid, are present. It has been reported that both compatible isomers are present in vivo.

Other Information About Glucuronolactone

1. Production Method of Glucuronolactone

Glucuronolactone is obtained by oxidation and hydrolysis of trehalose in the presence of a metal catalyst. Another method for producing glucuronolactone is reported, in which glucose is converted to glucuronic acid through microbial fermentation, followed by lactonization to produce glucuronolactone.

2. Handling and Storage Precautions

Handling Precautions
Avoid contact with strong oxidizing agents. It should be used in a draft chamber with local exhaust ventilation. Also, wear personal protective equipment when using.

In Case of Fire
Combustion decomposition may produce irritating and toxic gases and vapors. Use water spray, foam, powder extinguisher, carbon dioxide gas, or extinguishing sand to extinguish fires.

In Case of Skin Contact
Be careful not to get it on your skin. Always wear protective clothing such as a lab coat or work clothes and protective gloves when using the product. Never roll up the sleeves of protective clothing to avoid skin exposure.

In the event of skin contact, wash off with soap and plenty of water. If on clothing, remove all contaminated clothing and isolate. If symptoms persist, seek medical attention.

In Case of Eye Contact
Always wear protective glasses or goggles when using the product. In the unlikely event of eye contact, rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.

If wearing contacts, remove them if they can be easily removed and rinse thoroughly. Seek immediate medical attention.

Storage
When storing, place it in a glass container, sealed with an inert gas. Store locked up in a cool, well-ventilated place away from direct sunlight.

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Griseofulvin

What Is Griseofulvin?

Griseofulvin is a white crystalline powder.

Griseofulvin is an aromatic compound with the chemical formula C₁₇H₁₇ClO₆, molecular weight 352.77, and CAS number 126-07-8. The IUPAC name of Griseofulvin is (2S,6′R)-7-chloro-2′,4,6-trimethoxy-6′-methyl-3H,4′H-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1′-cyclohex[2]ene]-3,4′-dione.

Griseofulvin was discovered in 1939 by Oxford et al. at the University of London in a soil fungus called penicillium griseofulvum. It was subsequently isolated by Bryan et al. in 1946 and identified by Grove et al. in 1947.

Uses of Griseofulvin

Griseofulvin is used as an antifungal agent.

The mechanism of action of griseofulvin is that it acts on the fungal cytoskeleton, inhibiting cell division and thereby preventing fungal growth.

Griseofulvin was once used as an oral drug in Japan. However, Griseofulvin is no longer manufactured and marketed in Japan due to side effects such as headache and dizziness, low drug prices, and the introduction of other antifungal drugs.

Properties of Griseofulvin

Griseofulvin has a melting point of 218-222°C, a boiling point of 570°C, and a density of 1.4 g/cm³. Griseofulvin is insoluble in ethanol, acetone, and benzene, and insoluble in water. Griseofulvin can be extracted with chloroform from penicillium griseofulvum fungi or their cultures.

A new drug that exhibits similar antifungal effects to griseofulvin is terbinafine, which is known to be effective for a shorter period than griseofulvin. On the other hand, it may be more effective than terbinafine for some scalp infections.

Side effects of taking griseofulvin include allergic reactions, nausea, diarrhea, headache, sleep disturbances, and fatigue. It is not recommended for people with liver failure or porphyria. If taken during pregnancy or in the months before pregnancy, it may harm the unborn baby.

Other Information About Griseofulvin

1. How Griseofulvin Is Manufactured

Griseofulvin is obtained industrially by fermentation of the fungus penicillium griseofulvum. The biosynthesis of griseofulvin begins with the synthesis of a six-carbon poly β-keto chain, which undergoes kleisen condensation, aldol condensation, and cycloaromatization to form the benzophenone intermediate. Further methylation, halogenation, and phenol oxidation followed by O-methylation of the tetrahydrofuranone species produced by radical coupling and stereoselective reduction of the olefin yields Griseofulvin.

2. Regulatory Information

Griseofulvin is exempt from all major domestic laws and regulations.

3. Handling and Storage Precautions

Precautions for handling and storage are as follows.

Seal the container tightly and store it in a dry, cool, and dark place.
Use only outdoors or in well-ventilated areas.
Wear protective gloves, protective glasses, protective clothing, and protective masks when using.
Take care not to inhale dust. If you feel unwell after inhaling, get medical advice and treatment.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
In case of skin contact, rinse immediately with water.
In case of eye contact, rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.

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Spiralfedern

Was ist eine Spiralfeder?

Spiralfedern

Eine Spiralfeder ist ein spiralförmig gewickeltes Band aus Federmaterial, das als Feder wirkt, wenn eine äußere Kraft auf ein Ende der Feder ausgeübt wird. Sie werden häufig als Energiequelle verwendet, um verschiedene Objekte zu bewegen, von einfachen Gegenständen wie Uhren bis hin zu großen Strukturen, da sie eine große Menge an Energie auf relativ kleinem Raum speichern können.

Verwendung von Spiralfedern

Es gibt zwei Arten von Spiralfedern: solche mit berührenden Materialien und solche mit nicht berührenden Materialien, und sie werden je nach Verwendungszweck und Belastungseigenschaften ausgewählt.

1. Kontaktfeder

Hierbei handelt es sich um eine Spiralfeder, bei der sich die einzelnen Windungsflächen der Feder berühren und einen größeren Drehwinkel haben als bei einer berührungslosen Feder. Sie wird häufig zum Abwickeln von Sicherheitsgurten, Maßbändern und Schnurspulen verwendet.

2. Berührungslose Feder

Es handelt sich um eine Spiralfeder, bei der sich die Windungsflächen nicht berühren, und die für Motorbürsten, Motorradstarter usw. verwendet wird.

Prinzip einer Spiralfeder

Das Grundprinzip besteht darin, die Kraft einer spiralförmig gewickelten Federplatte zu nutzen, um in ihren ursprünglichen Zustand (den Zustand vor dem Aufwickeln) zurückzukehren.
Nehmen wir das Beispiel eines Maßbandes als bekannten Gegenstand,

Wenn das Maßband gezogen wird, wird Energie gespeichert, da die Spiralfeder im Inneren des Bandes aufgewickelt ist.
Wenn die Hand losgelassen wird, wird die gespeicherte Energie freigesetzt und das Maßband kehrt in seinen ursprünglichen Zustand zurück.

So funktioniert es.

Da es sich um einen sehr einfachen Mechanismus handelt, der auf kleinem Raum untergebracht werden kann, wird er immer noch häufig in Uhrwerken und federbetriebenen Spielzeugen (z. B. Rückziehautos) verwendet.

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Kegelradgetriebe

Was sind Kegelradgetriebe?

Kegelradgetriebe

Kegelradgetriebe sind Zahnräder mit Zähnen auf konischen Flächen, deren Achsen nicht parallel, sondern schräg zueinander verlaufen. Sie werden zur Kraftübertragung verwendet, indem die Richtung der Drehachse geändert wird.

Sie werden Kegelradgetriebe genannt, weil sie wie Regenschirme aussehen. Kegelräder werden je nach Zahnform in gerade Kegelräder, spiralförmige Kegelräder, schrägverzahnte Kegelräder, Zerol-Kegelräder und Hypoidzahnräder unterteilt.

Zu den für Kegelräder verwendeten Werkstoffen gehören Kohlenstoffstahl für den Maschinenbau (z. B. S45C), legierter Stahl für den Maschinenbau, Walzstahl für allgemeine Konstruktionszwecke (z. B. SS400) sowie Gusseisen, rostfreier Stahl, Nichteisenmetalle, MC-Nylon und Duracon.

Anwendungen für Kegelradgetriebe

Kegelradgetriebe werden zur Kraftübertragung durch Änderung der Drehrichtung einer rotierenden Welle eingesetzt. Bei Kegelrädern mit geraden, spiralförmigen oder schrägverzahnten Rädern schneiden sich die Drehachsen der beiden Räder. Der Schnittwinkel beträgt normalerweise 90°, kann aber auch spitz oder stumpf sein. Zahnräder, deren Achsen sich nicht kreuzen, werden als Hypoidräder bezeichnet.

Bekannte Anwendungsbeispiele sind handgedrehte Kaffeemühlen, handgedrehte Handmixer und Handbohrmaschinen. Differentialgetriebe werden in der Automobilbranche sowie in Werkzeug- und Druckmaschinen verwendet. Besonders nützlich sind sie in Differentialgeräten.

Hypoidzahnräder unterscheiden sich von Spiralkegelrädern dadurch, dass mehrere Zähne gleichzeitig ineinandergreifen und ein Zahnschlupf besteht. Sie können daher hohen Drehmomenten standhalten und zeichnen sich durch einen niedrigen Geräuschpegel aus. Sie werden häufig für den Antrieb von Autos und Zügen verwendet.

Prinzip von Kegelradgetrieben

Kegelradgetriebe sind Zahnräder mit kegelförmigen Teilungsflächen, die sich ohne Gleiten berühren. Die Zahnräder werden durch Modul, Anzahl der Zähne, Untersetzungsverhältnis, Werkstoff, Oberflächenbehandlung, Form der Wellenbohrung, Durchmesser der Wellenbohrung und Präzision bestimmt.

Geradverzahnte Kegelräder haben einen geraden Zahnverlauf und sind relativ einfach herzustellen. Untersetzungsverhältnisse bis zu 1:5 sind möglich. Wenn keine spezielle Verzahnung vorgeschrieben ist, werden sie im Allgemeinen als kraftübertragende Kegelräder verwendet.

Spiralkegelräder zeichnen sich durch eine gekrümmte Zahnspur aus. Sie haben die Vorteile einer hohen Festigkeit, eines ruhigen Laufs und eines hohen Wirkungsgrads aufgrund ihrer großen Kontaktfläche mit den Zähnen. Zerol-Kegelräder sind Spiralkegelräder mit einer annähernden Quertorsion der Wellen und haben die Eigenschaften sowohl von Direkt- als auch von Spiralkegelrädern.

Zahnräder können Leistung und Bewegung präzise übertragen, sind aber prinzipiell geräuschvoll. Um die Geräuschentwicklung zu verringern, müssen Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, wie z. B. die Gewährleistung eines angemessenen Spiels, die Erhöhung der Verzahnungsrate, die Reduzierung des Zahnprofils, die Verwendung von Kunststoffzahnrädern und die Gewährleistung einer angemessenen Schmierung.

Um den Zahnkontakt zu verbessern, kann eine entsprechende Wölbung in Richtung der Zahnflanken vorgesehen werden. Dies wird als Bombierung bezeichnet.

Auswahl von Kegelradgetrieben

Bei der Auswahl von Kegelradgetrieben ist besonders auf die Zahnfestigkeit und die zulässige Zahnflächenbelastung zu achten. Die Biegefestigkeit der Zähne ist die zulässige Umfangskraft der Zähne, die aus der Festigkeit des Zahnfußes bei der Eingriffsübertragung berechnet wird. Sie steigt mit zunehmender Zahnmodulgröße.

Die zulässige Zahnflächenbelastung ist die Umfangskraft, die zur Vermeidung fortschreitender Grübchenbildung angegeben wird. Sie variiert mit der Zahnauflagefläche: Die kleinere der beiden Umfangskräfte wird mit dem Teilkreisradius des Zahnrads multipliziert und ergibt das zulässige Drehmoment des Zahnrads. Das Zahnrad wird so ausgewählt, dass dieser Wert größer ist als das tatsächlich verwendete Auslegungsdrehmoment. Die Eigenschaften der einzelnen Zahnräder sind in den technischen Daten des Herstellers beschrieben.

Einige Hersteller stellen auch eine Liste von Zahnrädern zur Verfügung, die ihre Anforderungen erfüllen, indem sie die Einsatzbedingungen auf ihrer Website eingeben. Dies ist nützlich, wenn man die Spezifikationen anhand der allgemeinen Bedingungen eingrenzen will.

Weitere Informationen zu Kegelradgetrieben

Entwurf von Kegelradgetrieben

Bei der Auslegung von Kegelradgetrieben ist es wichtig, das Untersetzungsverhältnis und den Wellenwinkel versuchsweise zu bestimmen und die Getriebespezifikationen zu überprüfen, da es im Gegensatz zu Stirnradgetrieben Einschränkungen bei der Kombination der Zähnezahl der ineinander greifenden Zahnräder gibt und die Abmessungen wie der Kegelwinkel unterschiedlich sind.

Nach der vorläufigen Bestimmung der Form und der Einbaulage werden Festigkeitsberechnungen durchgeführt, und wenn die Bedingungen nicht erfüllt sind, wird das Modul vergrößert und die Abmessungsberechnungen werden erneut durchgeführt. Die Festigkeits- und andere Eingriffsberechnungen können für Geradstirnräder angenähert werden. Bei großen Lasten, bei sich wiederholenden Belastungen oder bei Dauerbetrieb des Zahnrads über lange Zeiträume kann ein großer Sicherheitsfaktor verwendet werden, um einen Spielraum gegen Stoßbelastungen und Ermüdung zu schaffen.

Für die Materialauswahl wird im Allgemeinen Kohlenstoffstahl verwendet, dessen Oberflächenhärte durch Abschrecken erhöht wird. Für einige Anwendungen werden jedoch auch legierter Stahl oder andere Materialien verwendet, deren Härte durch Abschrecken erhöht wird. Im Allgemeinen werden nur die Zahnflanken induktiv gehärtet, während die anderen Teile angelassen werden.

Neben der Berechnung der Abmessungen und der Festigkeit muss bei der Auslegung von Zahnrädern auch die Schmierung berücksichtigt werden. Die Schmierung und die Schmiersysteme werden festgelegt und für eine einfache Wartung ausgelegt.