What Is Vanadium Pentoxide?
Vanadium pentoxide, or vanadium (V) oxide, is an inorganic compound with the formula V2O5. It has a molar mass of 181.88 g/mol, a density of 3.357 g/cm3, a melting point of 690°C, and a CAS number of 1314-62-1.
Uses of Vanadium Pentoxide
Vanadium pentoxide is utilized in the smelting of alloyed steels such as stainless steel, in the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide during sulfuric acid production, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of organic acids, pigments, ferrites, batteries, and phosphors.
1. Additive to Steel
As an additive to steel, accounting for 90% of vanadium consumption, vanadium enhances hardness, high melting point, and corrosion resistance. Ferrovanadium alloys exhibit excellent toughness, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance, and are used in automobiles, building reinforcements, turbines, and tool steels.
2. Catalyst in Organic Synthesis
As a strong oxidizer, vanadium pentoxide can oxidize stable compounds like benzene and naphthalene into maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride, respectively. It also plays a critical role in the contact process for sulfuric acid production by oxidizing sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.
3. Battery Materials
Vanadium pentoxide is a key material in vanadium redox batteries for large-scale energy storage and serves as a host material for various types of batteries. It is also utilized in organic electronic devices for charge injection and extraction.
Properties of Vanadium Pentoxide
Vanadium pentoxide is yellow to red, stable at room temperature, and slightly soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents. It dissolves in acid and alkaline solutions and is typically produced from slag during the steel smelting process.
Structure of Vanadium Pentoxide
Vanadium pentoxide features a unique structure where a vanadium atom is coordinated to five oxygen atoms. Its crystal structure varies with different metal oxides.
Other Information on Vanadium Pentoxide
Hazards of Vanadium Pentoxide
Classified as acutely toxic, carcinogenic, and harmful to aquatic environments, vanadium pentoxide requires careful handling. It is regulated under various safety and health legislations, emphasizing the need for protective measures and risk assessment.