月: 2023年4月

What Is a Display Measuring Machine?

The development of industry and technology has led to the proliferation of many electronic devices in our daily lives. For example, there are LCD TVs, cellular phones, personal computers, remote controls, refrigerators, microwave ovens, and many other forms of devices. These home appliances are fitted with displays that allow us to see text, graphics, and animation vividly.

When humans look into these displays, defects such as distortion, flickering, and display tint can lead to discomfort and reduced work efficiency. In addition, such problems can be fatal to those engaged in graphics-related work.

Therefore, display measuring machines are used to assess screen problems such as distortion and flicker.

Uses of Display Measuring Machines

In the field of graphics and color, the term WYSIWYG is often used, which is an abbreviation for “What you see is what you get”. The connotation is to determine whether the colors on the display visually match the final desired hue in the graphic data or in print.

In other words, this compound term refers to the act of checking whether or not the colors on the display visually match the desired colors in the graphic data,but not in the printed data due to various display problems.

This may be caused by a problem in the setting of printing conditions, etc., and it is not possible to determine that it is a display-only problem. However, if the accuracy of the screen is not measured by display measurement equipment, the risk of a problem occurring is considered to increase.

For this reason, display measuring machines are used in all industries and sectors, including LCD, plasma, OLED, and LED.

What Is a Water-Based Curing Agent?

Water-based curing agents are water-soluble cross-linking agents used to alter the physical or chemical properties of polymers, thereby enhancing the performance of paints, coatings, and other curable compositions.

Uses of Water-Based Curing Agents

1. In Paints

Added to paints, these agents promote a three-dimensional network structure within the paint film, improving adhesion, water resistance, solvent resistance, and reducing drying and curing times.

2. As Curing Materials

Utilized in various applications, including coatings for materials, medical devices, optical and electronic materials, and printing plates. They also serve as cross-linking agents for gels and water-based inks, offering advancements in drug delivery systems and hydrophilic membranes.

Properties of Water-Based Curing Agents

Characterized by their reactive functional groups and hydrophilic structures, these agents are designed to enhance coating performances such as hardness, flexibility, and resistance to heat and weather, while being cost-effective and safe for use.

1. Acrylic Group

Agents with acrylic groups initiate cross-linking through radical polymerization, leading to durable, solvent-insoluble three-dimensional networks. They also partake in Michael addition reactions with nucleophiles.

2. Isocyanate Group

Agents with isocyanate groups offer reactivity towards nucleophiles. Some are stabilized by blocking agents to prevent premature reactions, which are removed upon application through heat treatment.

3. Other Groups

Including hydroxy, oxetane, and aziridine groups, each with specific reactivities. Aziridine, though effective, requires cautious handling due to its mutagenic properties. Room temperature cross-linking examples include reactions between diacetone acrylamide and adipic acid dihydrazide.

Types of Water-Based Curing Agents

There is a variety of water-based curing agents, each with unique reaction mechanisms and functional groups like acrylamide, isocyanate, and thiol groups. Selection is based on the specific application, including self-polymerizing types, those requiring light or heat activation, and those that cure at room temperature.

What Is Car Audio?

Car audio refers to the sound system installed in automobiles to provide entertainment and information. Modern car audio systems offer various functionalities, ranging from basic audio playback to advanced features like car navigation, Bluetooth connectivity, SD card slots, and Wi-Fi capabilities. A typical car audio system comprises four main components: a head unit, processor, power amplifier, and speakers.

Uses of Car Audio

Car audio systems enhance the driving experience by providing entertainment through music, radio, and other media. They are particularly beneficial on long drives, offering a diversion that can help keep the driver alert and prevent drowsiness. In larger vehicles with multiple seating rows, car audio can be present in both the front and back of the car.

Principle of Car Audio

The operation of a car audio system involves the following steps:

1. The head unit reads audio data from various sources like CDs, DVDs, or SD cards.
2. The sound output from the head unit is then amplified by the power amplifier.
3. The amplified sound is played through the speakers.

Unlike home audio systems, car audio requires fine-tuning via a processor to account for in-car obstacles and vibrations that can distort sound. The processor helps minimize noise and ensures clear audio playback throughout the vehicle.

Other Information on Car Audio

To improve car audio quality, consider the following enhancements:

1. Change the Speakers

Factory-installed speakers are often made from lightweight, cost-effective materials, limiting their sound range and quality. Upgrading to higher-quality speakers can significantly enhance the audio experience. There are two main types of car speakers:

• Coaxial Speakers: These handle a full range of frequencies in a single unit, offering easy installation and affordability.
• Separate Speakers: Consist of separate components for low, mid, and high frequencies, delivering superior sound quality but at a higher cost and installation complexity.

2. Deadening

Applying vibration-damping and sound-absorbing materials to the car’s steel parts can enhance sound quality by reducing speaker vibration and external noise.

3. Changing the Head Unit

Upgrading the head unit can also elevate sound quality. Modern head units typically have higher amplifier output and more precise equalizer settings. They can also support high-resolution audio, incorporate car navigation functions, and even play videos.

What Are Automotive Batteries?

Automotive batteries are storage batteries that power various electrical components in a car, such as turn signals, headlights, navigation systems, and interior lighting. They also supply the necessary electricity to ignite the fuel in an engine via components like the spark plug. Even when the engine is off, the battery continues to power systems such as the on-board computer (ECU) and security system. They are essential for the smooth operation of the vehicle and requires regular maintenance.

Uses of Automotive Batteries

Automotive batteries are primarily used to:

• Power electrical devices in vehicles.
• Start the engine and support low RPM operations.
• Provide power to operate remote controls, security, and other systems when the engine is off.

They are charged by the alternator while the vehicle is running, with the surplus energy stored for later use.

Principle of Automotive Batteries

Automotive batteries work on the principle of a redox reaction between positive and negative poles. They typically consist of lead dioxide or lead electrodes and dilute sulfuric acid. During discharge, the acid ionizes into hydrogen and sulfate ions, initiating a chemical reaction that releases electrons and generates electricity. In colder temperatures, the efficiency of this reaction decreases, requiring extra care. Automotive batteries are rechargeable and can be recharged by reversing this chemical reaction.

Types of Automotive Batteries

Automotive batteries can be classified as follows:

1. Open-Cap Battery: Conventional lead-acid batteries that require periodic refilling of battery fluid.
2. Maintenance-Free Battery: Airtight and requires no fluid refilling; commonly used in high-performance vehicles.
3. Battery for Idling-Stop Vehicles: High-capacity batteries designed for vehicles with frequent start-stop cycles.
4. Dry Battery: Lightweight batteries used primarily in racing cars.
5. Lithium-Ion Battery: Lighter and safer batteries used in modern vehicles, similar to those in smartphones.

Other Information on Automotive Batteries

Automotive batteries have a lifespan of usually around 2 to 3 years, and require regular checks and maintenance. The specific type of battery used can depend on various factors, including vehicle type and performance requirements.

What Is an Electric Vehicle Charger?

An electric vehicle charger is a device designed to recharge electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid EVs. With the growing popularity of electric vehicles, chargers are increasingly installed in various locations, including homes, commercial facilities, highways, and gas stations. There are two primary types of chargers: wired and wireless.

Currently, wired charging is the mainstream method due to its shorter charging time compared to wireless charging. However, the convenience of wireless charging is expected to lead to its increased use alongside wired methods in the future. Wired systems are further categorized into standard chargers and quick chargers.

Uses of Electric Vehicle Chargers

Electric vehicle chargers serve to charge the batteries of electric and hybrid vehicles. They come in two types.

1. Standard Charger

Standard chargers are commonly installed at homes and public places like business parking lots, hotels, and hospitals. They typically take 8 to 10 hours for a full charge and are used overnight or during extended stays at a location.

2. Rapid Charger

Rapid chargers, found on highways and gas stations, can charge a vehicle in about 30 minutes. They are ideal for quick recharging during travel.

Principle of Electric Vehicle Chargers

Standard chargers operate on 100V or 200V AC power. They supply electricity directly to the vehicle, where an onboard rectifier circuit converts it to DC to charge the EV battery. In contrast, quick chargers use three-phase 200V AC to produce high-voltage, high-output DC current for rapid charging.

Quick chargers follow different protocols, including CHAdeMO, Combined Charging System (CCS), and Tesla Supercharger.

Other Information on Electric Vehicle Chargers

1. Contactless Charging Systems

Contactless charging is being developed to provide convenient, safe wireless power transfer. It employs either electromagnetic induction or magnetic field resonance, with the latter offering better power transmission over longer distances and higher efficiency.

2. CHAdeMO

The CHAdeMO protocol ensures compatibility among various manufacturers’ chargers and vehicles, using CAN communication for data exchange. Safety features include an independent control power supply and an isolation transformer to protect against power supply abnormalities.

3. Combined Charging System

CCS allows for both AC and DC charging using a single vehicle inlet. It follows different connector standards in North America and Europe and utilizes PWM signal communication during the charging process.

What Is an Automotive ECU?

An automotive ECU, or Electronic Control Unit, is a device that electronically controls various functions of an automobile. Initially developed for engine control to meet emission regulations, ECUs have evolved to manage multiple systems like the transmission, brakes, power steering, and airbags. Modern vehicles can have between 50 and 100 ECUs installed.

Uses of Automotive ECUs

Automotive ECUs are used for a variety of applications, each tailored to specific vehicle functions, including:

• Engine Control: Manage fuel injection and ignition timing.
• Hybrid Control: Optimize the use of the engine and motor in hybrid vehicles.
• Transmission Control: Facilitate gear shifting in vehicles with multiple gear ratios.
• Power Steering Control: Assist in steering by reducing the force needed to turn the steering wheel.
• Airbags: Deploy airbags based on the impact level in a collision.
• Advanced Driver Assistance System: Support functions like collision damage reduction braking, distance control, and software updates via wireless communication.

Principle of Automotive ECUs

Automotive ECUs interact with various sensors using on-off signals, analog signals, and serial communications like CAN (Controller Area Network), LIN (Local Interconnect Network), and SENT (Single Edge Nibble Transmission).

• CAN: Reduces the need for extensive wiring by allowing multiple ECUs to share information through a few harnesses. It uses a CSMA/CA mechanism to manage data priority and avoid collisions.
• LIN: Suitable for body control systems where high-speed communication isn’t necessary, using a master-slave system for data transmission.
• SENT: Handles high-precision analog signals and is faster than LIN, used in applications like electric power steering and engine control.

Structure of Automotive ECUs

Automotive ECUs are composed of a microcontroller, peripheral devices, and communication modules. Signals from various sensors, such as cameras, millimeter-wave radar, ultrasonic sensors, and LiDAR, are processed by the ECU, which then sends appropriate commands to the vehicle’s actuators.

What Is a Supercharger?

A supercharger is a device that increases the power output of an engine by forcing compressed air into the engine’s cylinders. This process enhances the engine’s ability to burn fuel, thereby boosting its power. Superchargers are particularly beneficial for smaller engines, enabling them to produce more power than their size would typically allow.

Principle of Superchargers

Superchargers function by using the engine’s crankshaft and a belt. The belt’s rotation activates a compressor, which then compresses the air and feeds it into the cylinders. This is different from a turbocharger, which uses the engine’s exhaust gases to power the compressor.

Uses of Superchargers

Superchargers are effective even at low engine speeds, as they are directly powered by the engine. However, their efficiency can decrease at higher speeds due to increased load and reduced air compression efficiency. Superchargers are typically used in lighter vehicles and are suited for city driving, where high RPM ranges are less frequently used.

In recent years, the use of superchargers has declined due to the development of more efficient turbochargers, which offer better compression efficiency at high RPMs and less engine loss.

Types of Superchargers

There are several types of superchargers, classified based on the type of compressor they use:

• Roots Type: Uses rotors for air intake and discharge, known for its simplicity and low cost.
• Centrifugal Type: Employs a direct rotation of the compressor using the crank’s power, similar to turbochargers, but less responsive.
• Lysholm Type: Utilizes helical rotors, offering less vibration and high performance, but at a higher cost.
• Scroll Type: Involves a stationary and a moving spiral wing to compress air.
• Sliding Vane Type: Features a cylindrical rotor in an elliptical housing for air compression.
• Reciprocating Type: Compresses air using a piston’s up-and-down movement.

Each type has unique characteristics, with the air supply being somewhat proportional to the engine’s RPM.

Other Information on Superchargers

Electric Superchargers

Electric superchargers were developed to overcome the limitations of traditional superchargers at high RPMs. They maintain air compression efficiency at high speeds and are typically used in light vehicles with smaller engines. However, due to their lower airflow compared to superchargers and turbochargers, electric superchargers are often used as supplemental devices, enhancing the low RPM range of turbochargers.