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What Is a Velocity Sensor?

A velocity sensor is used to measure the velocity of a liquid in a factory production line or a river.

A wide range of methods have been developed to measure flow velocity, such as measuring the momentum of fluid rotating an impeller, measuring the phase shift of ultrasonic waves caused by flow velocity, and measuring the amount of heat lost by the fluid.

Uses of Velocity Sensors

Velocity sensors are widely used in factories, environmental facilities, and residential facilities.

When selecting a flow sensor, consider whether the operating principle to be used does not affect the flow of the fluid, the range of flow velocity that can be measured, durability according to the temperature and type of flowing fluid, and ease of maintenance.

The following are examples of velocity sensors in use:

• Measuring flow velocity for river ecosystem studies
• Measurement of flow velocity of exhaust gas flowing through factory ducts
• Adjustment and control of flow velocity of chemical solutions

Principles of Velocity Sensors

The measurement principles of velocity sensors are divided into impeller type, ultrasonic type, and thermal type.

• Impeller Type
  The impeller type consists of an impeller with a magnet attached, a coil to read changes in the magnetic field of the magnet, and a weight to direct the impeller in the direction of fluid flow. During operation, the impeller is rotated by the fluid flow, and the amount of rotation is transmitted by measuring the change in the magnetic field of the magnet attached to the impeller with a coil or the like and transmitting an electrical signal.
• Ultrasonic Type
  The ultrasonic type consists of an ultrasonic generator and receiver. The flow velocity is measured by the Doppler effect, which irradiates ultrasonic waves toward a flowing fluid and measures the amount of change in the phase of the ultrasonic waves bounced back by the fluid. It is characterized by non-contact measurement.
• Thermal Type
  The thermal type consists of a detection element that detects heat, such as a thermopile, and an amplifier. During operation, the temperature of the measuring section decreases due to fluid flow, and the flow velocity is calculated by measuring the amount of decrease. It is characterized by the fact that it is not easily affected by the type of fluid.

What Is a Voltage Converter?

A voltage converter is a device that transforms the voltage of an electrical power source to a desired level, making it suitable for use with different electronic devices and appliances. It is particularly essential when the power supply voltage differs between regions or countries, enabling the continuous operation of equipment in various power environments.

It’s important to choose a voltage converter with adequate capacity to ensure stability and safety, especially when dealing with high-powered devices.

Uses of Voltage Converters

Voltage converters have diverse applications, including:

1. International Travel and Business Trips

They are commonly used in international travel and business to adapt electronic devices to local voltage standards, ensuring their proper functioning.

2. Industry

In industrial settings, voltage converters are used to power machines and equipment that require different voltages. They also integrate power from renewable energy sources and generators into industrial applications.

3. Protection of Electronic Equipment

Voltage converters safeguard electronic equipment by ensuring they receive power within the correct voltage range, preventing potential damage due to voltage fluctuations.

Principles of Voltage Converters

The main principles behind voltage converters include Power Conversion and Isolation:

1. Power Conversion

Converters transform the characteristics of input voltage to produce the required output voltage and power, focusing on efficiency and stability.

2. Isolation

Many voltage converters provide electrical isolation between input and output, enhancing safety and protecting against voltage and noise interference.

Types of Voltage Converters

There are two primary types of voltage converters:

1. Transformer Type

Uses coils and an iron core to convert voltage. The transformer’s turn ratio determines the input-to-output voltage ratio. Suitable for alternating current, it provides voltage adjustment and electrical insulation.

2. Switching Power Supply Type

Employs high-frequency switching devices like transistors or MOSFETs to control input power. This type can freely convert frequency and voltage and is used in AC-DC conversion, inverters, and power conditioners for solar power generation.

Voltage converters are fundamental in ensuring that electronic devices operate correctly and safely in different power environments, making them indispensable in globalized and industrial contexts.

What Is an Electric Drum Pump?

An electric drum pump is a device designed for pumping and transferring various liquids, such as oils, chemicals, and food ingredients, primarily from drums. They come in both manual and electric types, with the electric versions being more efficient for pumping viscous materials like greases and oils.

The structure of these pumps is typically simple, often comprising a geared motor and a pump that can be easily attached to or detached from the drum.

Uses of Electric Drum Pumps

Electric drum pumps are used for pumping liquids from drums in various industries. They are used for handling not only oil and kerosene but also various chemicals, mining equipment, cement industry liquids, and food ingredients. Their effectiveness is especially notable in dealing with highly viscous liquids, requiring pumps with adequate suction capacity.

Principle of Electric Drum Pumps

The basic principle of an electric drum pump involves using an electric pump to transfer liquid from a drum. The pump system typically consists of a tube inserted into the drum, an electric pump, and a hose for transporting the pumped liquid. This principle is similar to that of a household kerosene pump, only powered electrically.

Types of Electric Drum Pumps

There are several types of electric drum pumps, including gear pumps, vane pumps, electric motor pumps, and electric explosion-proof pumps.

Gear Pumps

Gear pumps use two meshing spur gears to transfer liquid, ideal for liquids with relatively high viscosity. They provide consistent flow with minimal pulsation and allow for easy calculation of the liquid transferred.

Vane Pumps

Vane pumps feature an impeller in an off-center circular space, using centrifugal force to spread vanes over the wall of the space for liquid transfer. These pumps are more suitable for liquids with lower viscosity.

Other Information on Electric Drum Pumps

Electric drum pumps are tailored to specific applications by selecting suitable motors based on environmental conditions and usage requirements. It’s important to choose the right pump type based on factors like grease and oil compatibility, as well as dustproof and waterproof performance for outdoor use. For factory production lines,

What Is an Electric Sprayer?

An electric sprayer is a machine designed for spraying paint and other materials using electrical power. With the rise of the DIY boom, there has been an increase in the sales of electric sprayers for home use.

These sprayers come in several types, each suited for specific uses and environments. Selection of an appropriate model is crucial based on the intended application.

Uses of Electric Sprayers

Electric sprayers are versatile and used in various settings, from DIY home painting projects to applying paints on car chassis and bodies in the manufacturing industry.

These sprayers can be categorized into three main types based on their usage and operating environment:

• Paint application during DIY home projects
• Chemical application in agricultural settings
• Paint application in industrial production lines

Principles of Electric Sprayers

Electric Sprayers are differentiated by their design and intended use. The main types are:

• Suction Spray Guns: These have a large capacity for paint, enabling continuous application. The flat bottom allows for stable placement.
• Gravity Spray Guns: These are adjustable for different angles, ideal for precise work. Paint flows by gravity, minimizing waste.
• Pressure-Feeding Spray Guns: Suitable for large-scale applications like automobile body painting, these guns use a separate tank or pump for paint supply.

Each type has specific advantages and should be chosen based on the specific needs of the application. The effective use of electric sprayers is expected to enhance work efficiency in various fields.

What Is an Electric Caulking Gun?

An electric caulking gun is a tool designed to facilitate caulking work electrically. It is used in various applications, particularly for sealing gaps in exterior walls and interiors to prevent water leakage and enhance airtightness.

The device automates the application and drying of caulking agents, making the process easier and providing a uniform finish. However, their heavier weight compared to manual guns requires careful handling.

Uses of Electric Caulking Guns

Electric caulking guns are commonly used in areas like kitchens and bathrooms to enhance waterproofness and airtightness. They are effective in sealing narrow gaps between walls and other surfaces, preventing water and air intrusion. These tools are also utilized in exterior wall repair work to seal scratches and cracks against rainwater and wind.

Due to their ease of use, they are suitable for both small-scale repairs and larger projects.

Principles of Electric Caulking Guns

Electric caulking guns operate by electrically dispensing caulking compound. They automatically discharge the compound from a tip, making the process faster and less labor-intensive compared to manual or pneumatic types.

Their major advantage is ease of use and efficiency, offering an even and aesthetically pleasing finish, suitable even for beginners. However, their cost and weight, partly due to the batteries, are notable disadvantages.

What Is a Tablet Hardness Tester?

A tablet hardness tester is an instrument used to measure the hardness of pharmaceutical tablets and other similar products.

The hardness of a tablet is indicative of its physical properties. Generally, a harder tablet has lower solubility in the body. Conversely, a tablet with low hardness may break during transportation, affecting the stability, uniformity, and potentially the composition of the product. Therefore, controlling tablet hardness is essential.

Other tests, such as disintegration tests, confirm a tablet’s solubility in the body. It is often observed that tablets with low hardness disintegrate more easily. However, recently developed orally fast-disintegrating tablets can disintegrate quickly despite having low hardness.

Applications of Tablet Hardness Testers

Tablet hardness testers are primarily used in research and development, as well as in quality control of tablets, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry.

During the design and improvement stages of pharmaceutical products, various quality parameters are checked. Hardness testing is a critical control item during the validation of manufacturing processes on the production line.

Post design confirmation, manufacturing commences. Some manufacturers routinely test tablet hardness as part of quality control. Hardness tests are also conducted for quality assurance in response to complaints.

Principles of Tablet Hardness Testers

Tablet Hardness Testers measure the hardness of a tablet by placing it between two plates. Pressure is applied at a constant rate in one direction, and the force required to break the tablet is measured. This hardness value reflects the tablet’s breaking strength (the force needed to break the cross-section) and/or crushing strength (the force required to completely destroy the shape and structure).

Several factors influence measurement accuracy. The pressure plate clamping the tablet must have a smooth, frictionless contact surface and be parallel to the tablet. The load application rate during pressurization should be constant to avoid unpredictable crushing and sudden load application. Consistent tablet orientation during testing is also crucial for reproducible results. For instance, tablets with a scored line should be aligned either parallel or perpendicular to the pressure plate.

Various types of tablet hardness testers exist, differing in the structure of the tablet holding section and the mechanism of the pressure plate movement. Simple manual testers include the Monsanto type, which applies pressure using a spring and screw, the Pfizer type that utilizes pliers for pressure application, and the Strong Cobb type, which employs compressed air for loading.

What Is an Ultrasonic Cutter?

An ultrasonic cutter is a machine used for cutting applications, like ordinary cutters.

The tip of the blade vibrates ultrasonically, allowing the cutter to cut with less force than with a normal cutter. On the other hand, depending on the material of the object, frictional heat generated by ultrasonic vibration may melt the material.

Ultrasonic cutters are sometimes used to cut food products in addition to paper, plastic products, and other common materials.

Uses of Ultrasonic Cutters

Ultrasonic cutters are often used in hobby applications. They are useful for cutting shapes that are difficult to cut with ordinary cutters, such as plastic models, without exerting much force.

However, depending on the material, frictional heat from ultrasonic vibration may melt the material as it is cut, requiring post-processing of the cut surface. It is often used to cut plastic products, printed circuit boards, plaster, and other materials.

Another application is the cutting of food products. When ultrasonic cutters are used to cut cakes and other foods that tend to fall apart when cut with ordinary knives, resistance during cutting is reduced and a clean cross-section can be obtained.

Principle of Ultrasonic Cutters

Ultrasonic cutters use a piezoelectric element to vibrate the cutting edge 20,000 to 40,000 times per second to perform cutting. The ultrasonic vibration is generally switched on and off with a foot switch. Compared to ordinary cutters, the ultrasonic cutter can cut with very light force. However, depending on the material to be cut, the frictional heat generated by the vibration may melt the object, so care must be taken.

Although this equipment is very easy to use and suitable for cutting resin materials, it is generally not suitable for cutting resins thicker than 3 mm. This is because the longer the blade length, the more unstable the ultrasonic vibration of the blade tip becomes.

In addition, while it is suitable for cutting resin products, it is not suitable for cutting thin rubber without firmness, nor can it cut metal, glass, or porcelain. In the case of wood, the cut surface will be burnt.

Other Information on Ultrasonic Cutters

1. Types of Ultrasonic Cutters for Industrial Use

General ultrasonic cutters can cut as long as the material to be cut is plastic or acrylic. Industrial ultrasonic cutters are best suited for cutting fine or soft materials. Materials that cannot be cut with ordinary ultrasonic cutters can also be cut.

Ultrasonic Cutters for Precision Instruments
Ultrasonic cutters capable of processing and cutting precision equipment can cut materials that used to be cut by large presses without any burden. Specifically, processing to lithium-ion batteries is possible. The ultrasonic cutter is capable of fine processing, so it can be incorporated as part of the equipment as it is.

Ultrasonic Cutter for Soft Materials
Ultrasonic cutters with a concave/convex blade are suitable for cutting soft materials such as silicone. Since the ultrasonic cutter blade does not snag while cutting materials, such as rubber or adhesive tape, the material can be cut smoothly without losing its shape.

Hard materials such as glass and metal can also be cut. However, although high-power ultrasonic cutters can cut, they are not suitable for long-time work.

2. Replacement Blades for Ultrasonic Cutters

There are various types of replacement blades for ultrasonic cutters. There are dozens of types of replacement blades alone. By selecting the right one for your purpose, you can cut materials that could not be cut, or you can cut more beautifully.

If you are looking for a cheap ultrasonic cutter, it is more important to consider the replacement blade than to consider the type of ultrasonic cutter. Long blades are suitable for detailed work, such as plastic models. Because the blade is long and the tip is sharp, this replacement blade is easy to handle. However, the disadvantage is that the long blade is easy to break.

Ultrasonic cutters can do more than just cutting. A replacement blade called a welding blade can weld. Since the blades are hard, they can reattach materials as small as plastic resin. There are also saw blades that can cut base materials and carbon materials, and file blades that can cut metal, although it takes a little longer.

Cutting, grinding, and welding are just a few of the many things ultrasonic cutters can do. If you have one ultrasonic machine, it is convenient to have a range of replacement blades for different applications.

Understanding Insulating Sheets

Insulating sheets, made from materials like polymer, glass fiber, or ceramics, play a crucial role in preventing electrical shorts and leakage by separating conductive components. They’re essential in electronic equipment and electrical circuits for ensuring safety and enhancing device reliability. These sheets not only provide electrical insulation but also offer thermal insulation, protecting against heat transfer and loss.

Applications

Used across various sectors, insulating sheets are integral in electronics for insulating circuit boards and components, in battery packs to prevent short circuits, and in solar panels for protection. They’re vital in maintaining functionality and safety in devices ranging from electric vehicles to consumer electronics.

Key Principles

Insulating sheets operate on principles of electrical and thermal insulation. Electrical insulating sheets prevent current flow between conductive parts, while thermal insulating sheets block heat conduction, aiding in temperature control within devices.

Varieties of Insulating Sheets

• Polymer-Based: Includes polyester, polyimide, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sheets, offering a range of properties from heat resistance to chemical durability.
• Glass Fiber: Known for its strength, lightweight, and high heat resistance, suitable for high-temperature electronics.
• Ceramics: Excellent for high-voltage applications due to their superior insulation and heat resistance.
• Silicone Rubber: Valued for its flexibility, heat, and weather resistance, used in environments requiring durability against temperature fluctuations and external conditions.

Selection of an insulating sheet depends on the specific requirements of the application, such as the level of insulation needed, temperature resistance, and environmental conditions.

What Is a Precision Tweezer?

A precision tweezer is a tool used for picking up and handling small parts and objects, particularly in tasks that require high precision and delicacy. They are utilized in various fields including electronics, medical procedures, crafts, model making, and more.

These tweezers are designed with specific materials, shapes, and patterns to suit different applications, from ergonomically calculated angles for precise lifting to various tip patterns made for different tasks. Some tweezers come with protective coatings to protect sensitive electronic equipment from static electricity damage.

Uses for Precision Tweezers

Precision tweezers are essential in settings where fine manipulation is required, such as in the assembly of precision equipment, medical procedures, and crafting. Their usage includes medical applications like handling biological tissue, crafts and handicrafts, gardening, cooking, and hobby model making.

Features of Precision Tweezers

Typically V-shaped with two tips, precision tweezers close when force is applied. There are also reverse-action types that open when force is applied. Innovations in their shape, material, and processing methods make them suitable for fine-tuned work.

How to Select Precision Tweezers

When choosing precision tweezers, it’s important to consider the shape, material, engagement of the tips, and whether they have a non-slip coating.

1. Shape

• Straight Type: Suitable for diverse applications from medical to home crafts.
• Flat Type: Ideal for preventing damage to thin and delicate objects.
• Crane-neck Type: Perfect for precise positioning in restricted spaces, like in watch repair or model making.
• Reverse Action Type: Useful for tasks like soldering where continuous force application is needed.

2. Material

• Stainless Steel: Durable, rust-resistant, and suitable for medical applications.
• Ceramic: High heat and chemical resistance, non-conductive, ideal for electronic components.
• Plastic: Inexpensive and comfortable for prolonged use, though less durable and heat-sensitive.

3. Engagement Fit

Proper engagement of the tips is crucial for delicate work to prevent the dropping or scratching of parts.

4. Non-slip Coating

Precision tweezers with a non-slip finish provide better grip and control, especially useful when working with wet hands or in detailed tasks.

What Is a Magnetic Polisher?

A magnetic polisher is a device that uses magnetic force to polish the surface of an object.

Magnetized abrasive particles are moved by the force of a magnet applied from the backside of the sample. By rotating the magnet at high speed, the abrasive particles hit the surface irregularities at high speed, enabling uniform polishing.

It is also possible to polish in places that are inaccessible or in microscopic positions that are difficult to process with ordinary polishing machines.

Abrasive particles are forced into vigorous motion in the liquid, creating complex water volumes. It is suitable for polishing because it can penetrate into fine surfaces.

Uses of Magnetic Polishers

Magnetic polishers are used to polish complex objects. Since the polishing is done by using magnetic force to cause a liquid containing abrasive particles to move at high speed, even complex structural parts and minute surfaces can be smoothed out.

It is very difficult to polish narrow parts with a general polisher, but it is possible with a magnetic polisher. Specifically, it is used in the following cases:

• Deburring process
• Rust removal from metals
• Removal of oxide film
• Glossy surfaces

This is one of the polishing machines that are utilized in various places because it can polish with high precision regardless of its shape.

Principles of Magnetic Polishers

Magnetic polishers use the motion caused by magnetic force to polish objects.

First, the container is filled with magnetic particles which are the abrasive media, the solution that moves them, and the object to be polished.

Next, the magnet installed below is rotated. Rotating the magnet at high speed causes the N and S poles to switch, which in turn causes the magnetic particles in the container to move. In this high-speed changing magnetic field, the magnet causes a complex flow in the liquid, which scrapes the surface of the object to be polished.

The abrasive media moves at high speed, but its motion is erratic and it strikes the object to be polished from various directions. This is repeated thousands or tens of thousands of times to achieve smooth polishing. In addition, since the solution containing the polishing media can penetrate even narrow areas that cannot be reached by the polishing machine, it is possible to polish even finer areas.