投稿者: tama0512

What Is a Servo Motor Reducer?

A servo motor reducer (servo motor gearbox) is a device that reduces the rotational speed of the output shaft of a servo motor by means of gears to obtain torque proportional to the reduction ratio.

Figure 1. Servo motor reduction drive

Some models have a hollow output shaft that allows cables and other components to pass through.

The greatest advantage of using a servo motor reducer is that it allows a small motor to produce a large amount of torque.

If you try to operate a device with a servomotor alone, you will need a large output servomotor, which will increase the overall weight and size of the device. The use of servo motor reducers, on the other hand, can generate 4 to 100 times as much torque as a servo motor alone. This eliminates the need for large motors, making the equipment smaller and less expensive.

Understanding the type of reducer, its features, and product specifications, and selecting the right gear and reduction ratio for the application are important factors in configuring equipment that uses Servo motor reducers.

A similar concept also exists for products called geared motors.

Uses of Servo Motor Reducers

Servo motor reducers are mainly used in automated devices that run in factories.

Specific specification applications include the following:

• Drive unit of articulated robot
• Wheel drive unit for mobile robots and AGVs
• Press fitting mechanism of press fitting equipment
• Magazine drive mechanism for tool changers in machine tools
• Packaging machinery (bag making machine, pillow packaging machine)
• Turntable drive unit

Principle of Servo Motor Reducers

Servo motor reducers contain gears. The gears change the power obtained from the output shaft of the servomotor as follows.

• Decreases the rotation speed by (1/reduction ratio) of the gear
• Torque is increased in proportion to the reduction ratio

Let’s take the gear below as an example to illustrate.

Figure 2. Principle of servo motor reduction drive

Consists of two gears: (1) Gear 1 to Gear 2 (reduction ratio: 3/1=3) and (2) Gear 3 to Gear 4 (reduction ratio: 7/3≒2.33).

The reduction ratio of this gear combination is:

(Reduction ratio of ①) × (Reduction ratio of ②) = 3/1 × 7/3 = 7

The reduction ratio of this gear combination can be calculated as follows.

This servo motor reducer changes the power of the output shaft of the reducer as follows.

• Rotation speed is reduced to 1/7
• Torque increases by a factor of 7 (Note 1)

(Note 1) Strictly speaking, the torque on the output shaft will be smaller than 7 times due to gear friction and other losses. For simplicity, losses are ignored here.

Types of Servo Motor Reducers

Servo motor reducers are broadly classified into two types: orthogonal-axis and parallel-axis.

In orthogonal-axis reducers, the output shaft of the servo motor reducer is orthogonal to the output shaft of the reducer. The gears used in the orthogonal shaft reduction gears are mainly worm gears and hypoid gears. In parallel shaft reduction gears, the output shaft of the servo motor reducer is parallel to the output shaft of the reducer. Gears used in parallel shafts are mainly planetary reduction gears.

The features of each are described below.

1. Worm Gear (Orthogonal Shaft)

It is characterized by high strength, high quietness, and is easy to make the output shaft hollow. it can be combined with motors of about 0.2~15kW, and the reduction ratio range is about 1/10~1/60.

2. Hypoid Gear (Orthogonal Shaft)

Compared to worm gears, they are characterized by high efficiency. They can be combined with motors of about 0.2~11 kW, and the reduction ratio range is about 1/5~1/200.

Figure 3. Hypoid gear

3. Planetary Reduction Gear (Parallel Shaft)

It features high efficiency, and the reduction ratio can be increased by increasing the number of stages. 0.2~3kW motors can be combined, and the reduction ratio range is approximately 1/3~1/100.

What Is Rubber Glued Laminated Lumber?

Rubber glued laminated lumber is a man-made wood made by reusing trees after they are harvested for their rubber sap, and then gluing them together and forming them.

The grain is often straight, grayish-white, and aesthetically pleasing. It is also somewhat heavier and harder. Compared to solid wood, laminated wood is inferior in terms of beautiful grain and moisture control, but because it is artificially formed, laminated wood is superior in terms of cost and ensures stable quality.

Uses of Rubber Glued Laminated Lumbers

The main uses of rubber glued laminated lumber are table tops, shelves, furniture, molding, and interior materials. Although table tops and furniture are the most common uses for rubber laminated wood in daily life, it is so versatile that it is also used as a building material and interior decoration material.

The fact that it is easy to work and can be easily painted also contributes to its versatility.

However, due to its low durability, it is not suitable for use in buildings. Therefore, it is important to make a detailed comparison and selection of laminated wood material or solid wood depending on the uses of the product.

Principle of Rubber Glued Laminated Lumbers

Rubber-modified lumber is created by joining and gluing fine wood planks into one large piece of lumber. Although its aroma and texture are inferior to those of natural solid wood, it is characterized by its stable quality and excellent workability.

However, due to the use of adhesives, a period of deterioration over time must be considered. However, since laminated wood has not been in circulation for so long, there is no actual market reliability data for decades.

Types of Rubber Glued Laminated Lumber

Glued laminated wood is classified into three main categories based on its uses of: laminated wood for construction, structural laminated wood, and hybrid laminated wood.

1. Construction of Integrated Materials

It is the most visible laminated wood used for tops, furniture, floors, and walls. Rubber glued laminated lumber is also available, as it does not require high durability. Some laminated wood is also available with a thin decorative laminate attached to the surface to add aesthetic appeal. Since it is easily available at home centers, this type of laminated wood is often used for DIY projects.

2. Structural Laminated Wood

This glued laminated wood is used in applications where large loads are applied, such as columns, walls, and beams of buildings. Rubber glued laminated lumber is not suitable because of its durability and high strength requirements.

3. Hybrid Laminated Wood

Hybrid glued laminated timber is a glued laminated timber that has been reinforced by incorporating steel into the interior of the laminated timber. Hybrid glued laminated timber is expected to be effective in preventing the collapse of buildings in the event of a fire, and the use of hybrid glued laminated timber makes it possible to build up to four stories.

In consideration of the environmental issues of the recent SDGs, architectural manufacturers are now developing hybrid glued laminated timber, which has a human-friendly appearance, superior design and construction method, and excellent fire and earthquake resistance characteristics.

Other Information on Rubber Glued Laminated Lumber

1. Precautions for Painting Rubber Glued Laminated Lumber

Rubber glued laminated lumber is a relatively easy material to work with, but care must be taken when painting. As the name suggests, laminated wood is not a single board, but a collection of smaller pieces of lumber that are glued together to form a board. The surface of the laminated wood is therefore characterized by joints between the original pieces of lumber.

Especially in the case of rubber glued laminated lumber, the use of coloring agents that do not contain “body pigments,” which are added to increase the volume of the paint and reinforce it, can cause blowback. It is also important to dry the paint quickly to prevent discoloration of the black color due to moisture.

2. The Environment in Which Rubber Glued Laminated Lumber Is Used

Rubber glued laminated lumber is known to have low decay resistance, but unless the environment is very humid, this is not a problem, as the lumber is actually used in commercial furniture and millwork. Nevertheless, this should be kept in mind when using the lumber in harsh, high-humidity environments.

In addition, there are many cases, not limited to rubber glued laminated lumber, where glued laminated lumber with a white hue changes to a candy color over time due to direct sunlight. Therefore, if you prefer the glossy, unctuous white color and grain of rubber glued laminated lumber, you should be aware of the aging effects of direct sunlight.

What Is Chromate Treatment?

Chromate treatment is a treatment method in which a chromate film is formed by passivation of the metal with a treatment solution containing hexavalent or trivalent chromium as its main component. Chromate treatment is usually applied to zinc-plated metals.

Features of Chromate Treatment

Chromate film is characterized by its self-healing properties and superior corrosion resistance compared to other oxide films. It can also improve other properties, such as rust prevention, design, and electrical conductivity. In the past, hexavalent chromium was commonly used due to cost considerations, but since the use of hexavalent chromium is restricted in the EU, trivalent chromium is used as an alternative.

The self-healing properties of chromate treatment coatings are briefly explained as follows. When a defect occurs in the chromate film formed on the plated object due to scratches, etc., the chromate solution seeps out. 

Metal plating provides the same effect as chromate treatment, but the precious metals used for metal plating are expensive and more expensive than chromate treatment in terms of cost. Against this backdrop, demand for chromate treatment, which is less costly, is increasing.

Uses of Chromate Treatments

Chromate treatment is used for materials and parts for which corrosion resistance is required. For example, chromate treatment is applied to automotive parts, home appliances, electronic devices, and construction materials, contributing to improved convenience. It is also used when design is more important than corrosion resistance, and its main products are screws and office supplies.

Principle of Chromate Treatments

First, the chromate treatment solution dissolves the zinc plating. As the zinc dissolves, chromate ions are reduced to produce a trivalent chromium. A hydroxide film is then deposited on the zinc plating to complete the treatment. Chromate treatment is thus a simple and easy process, and at the same time, its properties can be varied depending on the treatment method.

Types of Chromate Treatment

Next, the types of chromate treatment are explained. There are four major types of chromate treatment. 

1. Gloss Chromate

This method is used for items such as screws and office supplies, where design ability is required rather than improved corrosion resistance. By using a treatment solution containing fluoride, a blue-silver-white appearance with excellent polish ability can be obtained. A Cr3+-dominant film is formed.

2. Colored Chromate

This chromate treatment is easy to operate and has excellent corrosion resistance, and is used for internal parts of automobiles and home appliances. The thickness of the film can be adjusted by immersion time, pH, and temperature. Cr6+ on the upper side of the chromate film and Cr3+ on the galvanized layer side.

3. Black Chromate

This chromate treatment provides an excellent balance of corrosion resistance and design ability, and is also used for decorative items. Silver halide is added to the treatment solution, and, silver particles are dispersed in the film during film formation, resulting in a black appearance.

4. Green Chromate

Compared to other coatings, it boasts the top level of corrosion resistance and forms a thick chromate film. Since it tends to contain more hexavalent chromium, caution should be exercised in its use. Cr6+ on the upper layer side of the chromate film and Cr3+ on the galvanized layer side.

Other Information on Chromate Treatment

1. Aluminum Chromate Treatment Method

Aluminum will form an oxide film of several nm on its surface in the atmosphere. Aluminum itself has a high ionization tendency and is susceptible to corrosion, but the oxide film provides moderate corrosion resistance. However, the thickness of the oxide film is too thin to provide a practical level of corrosion resistance, so it is necessary to improve corrosion resistance to surface treatment.

Therefore, aluminum chromate treatment is used, and there are two specific methods: phosphoric acid chromate treatment and chromic acid chromate treatment.

Phosphate Chromate Treatment
Phosphate chromate treatment uses hexavalent chromium to form a chromium layer on the surface of aluminum, but much of the hexavalent chromium is reduced and converted to trivalent chromium, making it a highly safe treatment method.

Fluoride and phosphate ions are also added to the treatment solution. The effect of phosphate ions is to promote the reduction reaction of hexavalent chromium and to increase adhesion between the coating and the surface layer. Fluoride ions dissolve the surface oxide film in the early stages of the reaction and aid in the formation of the layer.

Chromate Treatment
Chromate treatment is a method that uses an aqueous solution containing a hexavalent chromium in an acidic solution. The amount of chromium adhered to the film formed by this method varies greatly depending on the treatment time, temperature, and other conditions. Therefore, the appearance of the coating can be varied from colorless to brownish brown.

Chromic acid, dichromate, and ferricyanide are added to the treatment solution, and ferricyanide is effective in forming a thick film in a short time.

2. Corrosion of Chromate Treatment

Chromate treatment is known to cause cracks called microcracks. Although water remains in the coating immediately after treatment, depending on the drying conditions, the rapid loss of water causes fine cracks to appear. In general, the amount of cracking tends to increase with higher drying temperatures.

Because microcracks spread from the surface to the interior, moisture and dirt from the outside can penetrate into the interior material, which can cause corrosion. Microcracks are therefore a major problem in corrosion resistance.

In the green chromate described above, the zinc plating layer contains a large amount of phosphate roots, forming a dense and thick structure. Therefore, even if microcracks are generated, it is difficult for them to reach the zinc plating layer, and the green chromate coating has good corrosion durability.

What Is Crimp Wire Mesh?

Crimp Wire Mesh is a wire mesh made of corrugated wires woven at right angles to each other.

The word “crimp” refers to the twisting of the fibers. It is also found in wool, cotton, and other fabrics, and is used to add warmth and elasticity to a material. In the case of Crimp Wire Mesh, its role is to absorb load energy by deforming the wire when the wire mesh is subjected to large loads.

The wavy crimp shape of the wire used in Crimp Wire Mesh is formed by passing the wire through gears. In other words, the pitch of the gear is transferred to the wire. The wavy crimped wire is less likely to collapse. The wire materials used include galvanized wire, stainless steel wire, copper wire, vinyl-coated wire, and iron wire.

In addition, there are welded wire mesh, sintered wire mesh, and rolled wire mesh, which are reinforced by secondary processing of these wire meshes. The specifications for Crimp Wire Mesh are standardized as “JIS G 3553:2002 Crimp Wire Mesh.

Uses of Crimp Wire Mesh

Crimp Wire Mesh is mainly used as fall barriers in the construction and civil engineering fields. Crimp wire mesh is installed to prevent landslides and slope failures on artificial slopes in rivers.

An example of clamp wire mesh that we can see around us is a grill net for grilled meat. They are also used for sifting flooring materials and crushed stones in construction, and for threshing and sifting soil in agriculture and horticulture. General household products include partitions, fences, benches, food baskets, and oil drainers for deep frying.

Principle of Crimp Wire Mesh

The principle of clamp wire mesh’s energy absorption is due to the tension of the wire and the friction between the wires. In other words, the wire of the wire mesh absorbs energy at the intersections of the steel wires as they are extended.

Crimp Wire Mesh absorbs energy due to the tension of the wires, whereas rhombic or tortoise-shell wire mesh absorbs energy due to stretching. When compared in terms of energy absorbed, rhombic and Crimp Wire Mesh can absorb a greater amount of energy than rhombic wire mesh.

One test showed a difference of about twice the energy absorbed. On the other hand, when compared in terms of maximum load, rhombic and tortoise shell wire mesh can take greater loads than Crimp Wire Mesh.

Other Information on Crimp Wire Mesh

1. Wire Mesh Other Than Crimp Wire Mesh

In addition to Crimp Wire Mesh, there are other types of wire mesh for energy absorption.

Diamond shaped wire mesh (JIS G 3552)
Diamond wire mesh is a wire mesh consisting of two steel wires zigzagging around each other to form a diamond-shaped mesh. It is widely used for general fences, ball nets, and fall prevention fences.

Tortoiseshell wire mesh (JIS G 3554)
Generally, steel wire mesh is woven into a hexagonal mesh by twisting steel wires together three times. The twisting of the steel wires together prevents the mesh from moving and coming off.

It is mainly used as a protective material for construction, livestock barns, bird nets, and ball netting for golf driving ranges. 

2. Differences Between Crimp Wire Mesh and Other Wire Mesh

As mentioned above, the major difference between Crimp Wire Mesh and diamond-shaped or tortoise shell wire mesh is the way it absorbs energy. Another difference is the size of the mesh.

Crimp Wire Mesh uses a crimped (wavy) portion of the wire to hold the intersections, allowing for relatively large mesh fences even with small wire diameters. However, if the mesh size exceeds 20 times the wire diameter, the mesh itself loses stability.

Crimp Wire Mesh, however, can only be made from mesh that is at least four times the wire diameter. If a mesh finer than four times the wire diameter is required, plain weave wire mesh is used. The names used to describe the size and performance of Crimp Wire Mesh are as follows.

• Mesh (N): number of mesh strokes per inch (25.4 mm)
• Wire diameter (d)
• Openings (w): distance between lines
• Pitch (p): distance between centers of lines, where pitch = line diameter + openings
• Percentage of space (w): Percentage of mesh space relative to the total area of Ao wire

What Is Leveling Compound?

Leveling Compound is a building material used to prepare the base of a concrete floor.

It is a slightly viscous liquid that spreads smoothly over a floor surface when poured onto it. When installing, it is simply poured onto the floor surface and lightly smoothed down with a paddle or similar tool.

The fluidity of the material naturally spreads horizontally on the floor surface, making the concrete floor surface smooth. Leveling Compound is relatively easy to apply and provides a smooth finish equal to or better than a conventional trowel finish.

Uses of Leveling Compound

Leveling Compound is a construction material that adjusts the base of a concrete floor. Therefore, they are useful for adjusting the subflooring of facilities used by humans, such as condominiums, buildings, schools, and hospitals, as well as facilities where heavy objects are moved, such as factories and parking lots where heavy objects such as forklifts are used.

It is also suitable for adjusting the underlayment of floors to be waterproofed, so it is used for adjusting the underlayment of floors in food factories and kitchens that use a lot of water. They are also used in both new construction and renovation work as ground preparation to form a smooth surface prior to the installation of tiles and other floor coverings and the application of waterproofing paint on rooftops.

Principle of Leveling Compound

Leveling Compound has the characteristic of flowing smoothly with its own fluidity, so that a uniform flat surface can be formed simply by lightly smoothing it with a trowel or trowel. In many flooring projects, the floor finish material is applied after the surface preparation. If the surface is not smooth, the unevenness of the floor will be noticeable due to light reflection after the floor finish material is applied.

In the past, mortar was often used. When mortar is used for surface preparation, water, cement, and sand are mixed together, and then the craftsman manually applies the mixture to the floor with a trowel, little by little. Therefore, the smoothness of the surface is largely dependent on the skill of the craftsman, and there was a disadvantage that the quality tended to vary.

However, with Leveling Compound, a smooth surface can be formed simply by lightly smoothing the surface with a trowel or paddle, thus forming a smooth base without depending on the skill of the craftsman.

Types of Leveling Compounds

Leveling Compounds can be broadly classified into two types: gypsum-based and cement-based. 

1. Gypsum-Based

Gypsum has the property of slightly expanding in a hydration reaction and then not contracting. Therefore, gypsum-based Leveling Compounds, whose main component is gypsum, have the effect of increasing dimensional stability and reducing the occurrence of lifting and cracking. 

2. Cementitious Materials

The quality standards for cementitious leveling materials are set higher than those for gypsum leveling materials in terms of compressive strength and strength of substrate adhesion and surface adhesion, as stated in JASS, the standard specifications for building construction by the Architectural Institute of Japan. Therefore, there are many high-strength products available, and they are also characterized by their resistance to water after curing.

Other Information on Leveling Compound

1. Installation Method of Leveling Compound

Surface Preparation
Clean the floor surface to remove sand and dust. At this time, also remove any fragile parts of the floor. It is also very important to prevent leakage around the installation area to prevent material from flowing outside of the installation area. Mortar is often used for this purpose.

The next step is to apply a primer that improves the adhesion of the material to the floor surface and allow it to dry. The treatment must be applied and allowed to dry at least one day prior to pouring.

Mixing
Leveling Compound is put into a container containing the specified amount of water and kneaded with a hand mixer or grout mixer.

Pouring
The kneaded material is poured over the floor until the desired thickness of the Leveling Compound layer is achieved. The kneaded material flows smoothly on its own, but ripples may form on the surface, and air bubbles generated by the floor (frame) may remain in the applied layer.

Curing
The next step is the curing process for drying. At this point, rapid drying should be avoided. Close windows to prevent wind from blowing. By closing windows, ripples caused by wind on the surface can be prevented.

If the finish is applied before the coating layer is dry enough, the moisture in the coating layer will cause the finish to peel off. The standard moisture content is about 5% to be able to apply the finishing material. 

2.Comparison With Mortar

When Leveling Compound is applied, it dries in about one day, and the construction period is shorter than that of mortar, which requires several days to dry. In addition, construction may be less expensive than conventional flooring materials.

Comparing the cost of materials alone, mortar is less expensive. However, costs may increase due to the need to unload water, cement, and sand, which takes several days to dry and lengthens the construction period.

What Is a Lifter?

A lifter is a machine or device used to lift or lower heavy objects.

Industrial equipment that raises pallets loaded with products or products in boxes is often referred to as a lifter. It uses mechanical force to lift objects. It uses a motor or hydraulic system to generate force and has a mechanism to transmit it.

Thus, they can lift heavy objects that cannot be transported by human power. In addition, safety devices and control mechanisms are incorporated to ensure that objects are lifted securely and safely. Designed to minimize the risk of accidents and injuries, the lifter also contributes to improved safety.

The main benefits of using lifters are increased work efficiency, labor savings, and reduced risk of back pain, since lifting and lowering heavy objects is facilitated by the use of lifters.

Uses of Lifters

Lifters are used in a variety of industries and sectors. The main areas are the logistics industry, the construction industry, and the manufacturing industry.

1. Logistics Industry

In the logistics industry, lifters are widely used for transporting and storing goods in warehouses. Lifters such as pallet lifters and forklifts can lift and move heavy objects efficiently. They are also utilized for shelf placement and loading/unloading operations.

2. Building Industry

They also play an important role on construction sites and in the heavy equipment industry. Crane lifters, for example, are used to lift large construction materials and machinery. These lifters are utilized to facilitate the placement and transportation of supplies at construction sites.

3. Manufacturing Industry

In the manufacturing industry, lifters are used in processes, such as assembling and packaging products. In the automotive industry, lifters are used to lift car bodies and handle parts. They may also be used to move and position items on the production line.

Principle of Lifters

Lifters are designed to lift heavy objects using mechanical force or energy. It consists of a power source, a lifting jig, and a control mechanism.

First, energy is supplied by a power source. Common power sources include motors, internal combustion engines, and hydraulic systems. The energy supplied by the power source is converted into carrying power through appropriate mechanisms.

Lifters also incorporate components that are appropriate for the object to be lifted. Forklifts use forks, while crane lifters are equipped with hooks and lifting devices. These can be replaced depending on the application.

Control mechanisms may also be incorporated. The control mechanism controls the operation and movement of the lifter to ensure safety and accuracy.

Types of Lifter

There are several types of lifters: hand lifters, electric lifters, hydraulic lifters, and table lifters.

1. Hand Lifter

These lifters are capable of lifting heavy objects with little force by means of a handwheel or pulley. The functions of lifting and moving are often required simultaneously for product loading, and most products are provided with casters for moving.

Since hand lifters require no power source other than human power, there are no restrictions on where they can be used. They are also characterized by relatively low price and running costs, as they do not require electricity or fuel costs.

2. Electric Lifter

These lifters have a structure in which the handle portion of the hand lifter is replaced by a motor. Some products are equipped with a battery as a power source, and can be used as a mobile cart by charging the battery in advance. Because they are motorized, they contribute to work efficiency and manpower saving.

3. Hydraulic Lifter

This is a lifter that lifts objects by hydraulic force. There are types that control hydraulic pressure electrically and types that use a foot pedal to apply pressure.

They are often used to lift and lower heavy objects. However, they are not suitable for applications requiring large strokes or lifting speeds.

4. Table Lifter

This lifter can raise and lower the table to change the height to suit the work. They may be used to elevate boxed products.

The table lifter does not need to be moved and the power source can be wired or piped connection. They may be used as pneumatic lifters by connecting the air piping in the factory to an air cylinder.

What Is a Lithium-Ion Energy Storage System?

A lithium-ion energy storage systems are system uses lithium-ion storage batteries to stabilize power demand and supply power during power outages.

By storing electricity distributed by the power company or generated in-house in conjunction with a solar power generation system in the main body of the lithium-ion energy storage system during normal times, it is possible to curb power purchases during times of high power consumption and supply electricity in emergency situations such as power outages due to disasters.

Uses of Lithium-Ion Energy Storage Systems

Lithium-ion energy storage systems are used in a wide range of applications, from homes to businesses. In many cases, they are incorporated in homes in combination with solar power generation systems. Demand for energy storage systems is further increasing against the backdrop of the desire to store electricity produced at home, as the system requiring the purchase of surplus home-generated electricity will end in 2019.

In addition to daily electricity use, the ability to use stored electricity in the event of power outages or other power outages is also increasing demand from the perspective of disaster preparedness. Many companies are adopting these systems for use in business continuity measures.

A disaster or system failure that makes it difficult to continue business due to inadequate power supply can cause significant damage to a company, so energy storage systems are indispensable for preventing this from happening. For example, they are used for servers that cannot be shut down 24 hours a day, lighting in large buildings, etc., and large-capacity energy storage systems are also available to meet the needs of businesses.

Principle of Lithium-Ion Energy Storage Systems

A storage battery is a battery that can discharge and store electricity using a chemical reaction. Charging is possible by passing an electric current in the opposite direction of the discharge.

Lithium-ion batteries use lithium transition metal oxides and carbon materials for the cathode and cathode, respectively, and a separator made mainly of non-fiber and an organic solvent called electrolyte between the positive and negative electrodes.

Unlike conventional storage batteries, lithium-ion batteries have a layered structure of cathode and anode materials, and lithium ions can be stored in the gaps between them.

Lithium-ion energy storage systems are widely used because of their superior cycle life, temperature characteristics, output and charge performance, and capacity per volume compared to conventional storage batteries.

Lithium-ion energy storage systems are often used in combination with solar power generation. The electricity to be stored is either normal grid electricity or electricity generated by solar power. In general, the system is divided into two categories: general loads that are supplied with electricity from the normal distribution panel, and specific loads that can be supplied with electricity from the energy storage system in an emergency.

During normal daytime hours, the use of grid electricity can be reduced due to the availability of electricity from solar power generation. Surpluses can be used to store electricity or sold as needed. At night, in addition to grid power, power can be supplied from the energy storage system when usage is high. During times of low power consumption and low electricity prices, such as late at night, the energy storage system is charged.

In the event of a power outage, electricity can be used in an emergency by supplying power from the solar power generation and energy storage system during the daytime and from the energy storage system during the nighttime. In the event of a blackout, power will be supplied to specific loads.

In addition, by connecting the energy storage system to the network, it is possible to manage the status of the energy storage system remotely from a PC or other device, and to manage the use of electricity using an energy management system (EMS).

Other Information on Lithium-Ion Energy Storage Systems

1. Advantages of Lithium-Ion Energy Storage System

The advantages of installing a lithium-ion energy storage system are that it can be used as an emergency power source in the event of a power outage, and that it saves energy and costs by using it in combination with solar power generation and by flattening power peaks.

As explained in the principle of emergency power supply, electricity can be used in an emergency by storing power in the energy storage system. To explain the energy and cost saving effects in more detail, the amount of electricity purchased is reduced by using electricity generated by solar power during the daytime.

In addition, surplus electricity can be charged to an energy storage system or sold. In addition, since electricity rates are generally lower during periods of low electricity use, such as late at night, electricity can be recharged during these times. By using the electricity stored during peak daytime hours, electricity usage peaks can be flattened and electricity rates can be reduced.

2. Points to Note About Lithium-Ion Energy Storage System

There are a few things to keep in mind when using Lithium-ion energy storage systems.

Degradation of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Although lithium-ion battery storage batteries can be used repeatedly, the capacity of the storage battery itself deteriorates as it is used over and over again. Generally, the life of a storage battery is measured by the number of cycles, which represents the number of times the battery can be cycled from recharging to discharging. For example, if you check the number of cycles for each company, such as 5,000 cycles, you will be able to grasp the product specifications.

Capacity Stored in Storage Batteries
The capacity of electricity that can be stored in storage batteries is fixed and is expressed in kWh (kilowatt-hours). The larger the capacity, the higher the price of the Lithium-ion energy storage system itself, so it is necessary to decide on the capacity after considering the amount of electricity required during a power outage and the amount of electricity used on a daily basis.

Types of Lithium-Ion Energy Storage Systems
Lithium-ion energy storage systems are classified into two types depending on where they are installed: the large “stationary type” for outdoor installation and the “outlet type” that can be installed indoors. The outdoor type is particularly large, so it is necessary to consider the space in which it will be installed.

What Is a Silicone Rubber Heater?

A silicone rubber heater is a sheet-type heater made from silicone rubber materials.

Similar to ordinary nichrome wire heaters, their entire surface heats up when an electric current is applied. Sheets 2 mm or thinner are ideal for heating narrow or curved surfaces due to the flexibility of the rubber material. The sheet’s shape can also be customized to fit the object being heated.

The temperature setting can range from 60°C to about 300°C. These heaters are used for heating cylindrical containers and pipes as well as for heat sealing materials such as paper and plastic.

Uses of Silicone Rubber Heaters

Due to their flexibility and high thermal conductivity, silicone rubber heaters are utilized in various applications.

1. Automotive Field

In the automotive sector, they regulate battery temperature and heat car seats. They may also serve in defrosting systems. In cold climates or during winter, they can effectively control the temperature of engine oil.

2. Medical Field

In medicine, they keep medical equipment warm and are used for heat therapy. Devices for controlling blood temperature and heat therapy pads are examples. They also feature in incubators providing a warm environment for premature or ill infants.

3. Manufacturing Field

In manufacturing, they facilitate heating for various processes. Pre-treatment for welding and laminate heating are typical uses. Their low ignition risk and compact design also make them suitable for the aerospace industry, compared to nichrome wire heaters.

Principles of Silicone Rubber Heaters

Silicone rubber heaters consist of resistance wires layered at regular intervals between two silicone rubber sheets. The resistance wires are connected at both ends to lead wires extending from the silicone rubber heater, allowing for heating when voltage is applied.

The resistance wire is made from nichrome, a nickel alloy, or carbon. When electric current flows, resistance generates heat. Copper, known for its high electrical conductivity and flexibility, is the most common material for lead wires. This makes it easy to process and handle.

The heating capacity of silicone rubber heaters is defined by a metric known as watt density, which is the output wattage per unit area. Depending on the resistance wire’s heat generation and arrangement density, heaters with watt densities ranging from approximately 0.1 to 2 W/cm² are available.

Types of Silicone Rubber Heaters

Depending on their application, silicone rubber heaters can be customized with holes, round shapes, or according to metal heating elements‘ design patterns.

1. Silicone Heater Pad (Square)

This common type is flexible and capable of producing uniform heat. It is suitable for flat surfaces or various forms, and used in piping, food processing, and chemical industries.

2. Silicone Heater Band

Designed for warming circular or cylindrical objects such as pipes and barrels, these bands wrap around the object to maintain the required temperature. Some models are also suitable for larger objects like drums and tanks.

How to Select a Silicone Rubber Heater

When choosing a silicone rubber heater, consider the installation conditions and required heat generation capacity.

1. Installation Conditions

Identify the object or process needing heating. Consider its thickness, shape, and size when selecting a heater. Also, choose a silicone rubber heater that offers durability and environmental resistance suitable for its intended environment.

2. Heat Generation Capacity

Manufacturers provide charts showing the heating capacity of silicone rubber heaters and temperature variation in air. Electrothermal calculations should be performed based on the desired heating temperature, time required to reach it, and the thermal conductivity of the object being heated. These calculations help determine the necessary heating capacity of the heater.

However, the achievable temperature of silicone rubber heaters can vary based on ambient temperature and how well they adhere to the heated object. A control system with a thermistor or controller may be required for precise temperature regulation.

What Is Lining Steel Pipe?

Lining steel pipe is a steel pipe coated with a corrosion-resistant material on the inside, outside, or both sides.

When used as piping, it may seem cheaper to use Teflon, hard rubber, or resin as is, but basically these resins and rubbers are inferior in strength as piping.

However, if steel is used as it is, its durability against chemicals will be significantly reduced. Therefore, lining steel pipe is used to pursue both performances. Internal linings are mainly used for lines where durability is also required, such as hydrochloric acid piping and lines through which a wide variety of liquids pass, while external linings are used for buried piping and for plants along coastlines that are prone to corrosion.

Uses of Lining Steel Pipes

Lining steel pipes are mainly used in lines where chemicals flow. Although PVC piping, etc., can be used for small-diameter piping where it is used, the piping conveyed to each section is large, and the risk of breakage or leakage is very high. Therefore, they are used in lines where not only a single chemical but also a wide variety of chemicals flow, and in lines with high temperature and high pressure.

Lining steel pipes with Teflon or vinyl chloride to compensate for their strength allows them to be used as piping under high temperatures and pressures where Teflon or vinyl chloride alone cannot be used.

Properties of Lining Steel Pipe

The properties of lining steel pipe are as follows:

1. Corrosion Resistance

Since the inner and outer surfaces are covered with corrosion-resistant materials, they are highly durable against acids, alkalis, salts, and other chemical substances. In addition to chemicals, buried water piping cannot be easily maintained if corrosion progresses, so it can be used for a long period of time.

2. High Strength

Since steel pipes are used, they can be used in high-pressure, high-temperature applications where resin piping alone cannot be used.

3. Sliding Properties

Although highly viscous substances adhere to the piping, the lining process can reduce the rate of adhesion by lowering the coefficient of friction.

4. Cleanliness

Smooth inner surface prevents stains and reduces rust and debris generation due to corrosion of metal parts.

5. Easy to Install

Wetted joints can be minimized by using special fittings. As with general threaded piping, it can be used by chamfering with the reamer supplied with the threading machine.

Structure of Lining Steel Pipe

Some are sold as standard products, but large-diameter or special products require lining processing as needed.

The lining removes dirt, oil, and moisture from the inside of metal pipes. Next, the lining liquid is mixed and injected from one side of the pipe, and the pipe outlet is sealed to prevent leakage of the lining liquid.

The piping is then tilted or rotated so that the liquid is spread over the entire pipe, and the temperature, humidity, and other conditions are adjusted, and the piping is left to cure. After curing is complete, the lining is inspected for holes and defects using special equipment, and the lining agent residue is removed as a final step. Flanged structures can be processed as a single-piece lining, but on-site installation can be facilitated by using a special threaded elbow or similar device.

Depending on the material, the adhesive or a molding furnace may be used to adhere the material to the interior. However, since each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages, it is necessary to fully discuss with the installation company before making a decision on the actual production of the product.

Types of Lining Steel Pipe

The types of lining steel pipes are as follows:

1. Teflon (PTFE)

It is a common lining material and is widely used for its corrosion resistance, durability, and heat resistance. There are many specialized lining companies, not limited to piping.

2. Epoxy Resin

It is often used for transporting chemicals in water treatment and chemical plants due to its strong corrosion resistance, durability, and heat resistance. With low viscosity and high fluidity, it can be applied to complex shapes and is widely used in addition to piping.

3. Polyethylene

It is widely used for low-pressure transportation because of its corrosion resistance, durability, low cost, easy availability, and processability by heating.

4. Vinyl Chloride

It is inexpensive, durable, and has long been used in lining steel pipe for water supply (VLP) to prevent contamination by foreign matter due to rust, etc. It is also easy to thread and install.

5. Glass and Ceramics

It is difficult to process, expensive to manufacture, and easily cracked, but it is used for special applications due to its high temperature, corrosion resistance, and low flow resistance.

What Is a Molded Transformer?

A molded transformer is a transformer in which the winding section is impregnated and molded with epoxy or other resin.

It is also called a dry-type transformer. When a transformer changes voltage, the iron core and windings heat up due to power loss in the transformer, so it is necessary to dissipate the heat. While oil is used to dissipate heat in general transformers, molded transformers do not use oil, making them superior in terms of safety against ignition and other hazards.

Because of their low risk of ignition in the event of an accident and their lightweight and small size, they are suitable for indoor use and are installed in buildings around us.

Uses of Molded Transformers

Molded transformers are used in a variety of locations, mainly for the transforming uses of electricity in indoor facilities of buildings and other structures, due to their high level of safety. One example is subway premises. Subways can consume large amounts of electricity and require transformers.

However, the use of oil-filled transformers is very dangerous in case of an accident. Thus, the use of molded transformers is appropriate in situations where a fire would be very dangerous. They are also used in condominiums and department stores. In addition to safety, the small size and light weight of these transformers make them suitable for use in indoor facilities.

Principle of Molded Transformers

Molded transformers cool the heat generated by ordinary transformers as they change voltage by propagating it into the air through a resin mold, such as epoxy resin, that covers the transformer coils. A typical transformer is constructed using an iron core and windings, which are two coiled windings of conductors wound around an iron core.

When a current is applied to one side of these winding coils, a voltage is generated on the other side by the principle of electromagnetic induction. A transformer is a device that adjusts the voltage generated by adjusting the number of windings.

When changing the voltage, the iron core and windings generate heat due to power loss. In an oil-filled transformer, the heat is removed by the surrounding oil and dissipated outside by water or wind. Molded transformers, on the other hand, are also called dry-type transformers, and their greatest feature is that they do not use oil.

Other Information on Molded Transformers

1. Advantages of Molded Transformers

By not using oil, molded transformers have the following advantages and disadvantages over oil-filled transformers:

Extremely Safe
In the event of an emergency, there is no risk of ignition due to ignition of oil, so it can be used indoors or in enclosed spaces. On the other hand, in the case of oil-filled transformers, there are cases in which a fire extinguishing system is required for large-capacity installation.

Lightweight and Compact
The absence of oil allows for a lightweight and compact structure. They can be installed in high-rise areas of buildings. Also, unlike oil-filled transformers, there is no need to consider maintenance and disposal methods for the oil inside.

2. Disadvantages of Molded Transformers

High Cost
Compared to oil-filled transformers, the cost tends to be higher due to the difference in internal structure. Therefore, when introducing a transformer, oil-filled transformers are often considered first, and if they are not suitable, molded transformers are often selected.

Loud Driving Noise and Vibration
Oil-filled transformers absorb vibration and noise from the surrounding oil, but molded transformers do not, so they are noisier in comparison.