What Is 5-Axis Machining?
5-axis machining is a machining process that combines X, Y, and Z axes with rotary and tilting axes. In conventional 3-axis machines, the change of machined surfaces is done manually; by adding 2 axes to NC machine tools, the change of machined surfaces can be automatically controlled, resulting in shorter machining times and improved accuracy.
A 5-axis machining machine is available in two types: table type and tool type. The table type has two additional axes on the table where the material to be machined is set. The tool type, on the other hand, has two additional tool axes on the machine side. In addition, there is a type with one axis added to the table and one axis added to the tool.
Uses of 5-Axis Machining
5-axis machining is used for machining parts with complex shapes, such as continuous three-dimensional curved surfaces and undercuts (parts where the machined part is hidden from view), which are difficult to achieve with 3-axis machining.
Impellers, blisks (integrated rotor blades), and turbine blades manufactured by 5-axis machining are used in aircraft, centrifugal pumps for liquids and gases, generators, and other applications. In addition, they are used to machine products and parts in a wide range of fields, including precision machinery, molds, medical devices, artificial joints, and dentures.
Types of 5-Axis Machining
There are two types of 5-axis machining: indexing 5-axis machining and simultaneous 5-axis machining. The characteristics of each are as follows:
- Indexable 5-Axis Machining
Indexable 5-axis machining is a method in which the machined surface is indexed by 2 axes added to the table side and machined by 3 axes on the machine side. This method is used for table-type 5-axis machining machines. Since the size and weight of the material to be machined depend on the size of the table, a 5-axis machining center of the appropriate size for the material to be machined is required. In addition, undercutting requires multiple adjustments to the machined surface. On the other hand, it is easier to adjust misalignment on each axis than with a simultaneous 5-axis machining machine. - Tool Types of 5-Axis Machining
This machining method is used with a tool-type 5-axis machine that has two additional axes on the tool. Although the additional tooling increases the size of the machine, it allows for greater machining flexibility and a wider machining range. It is also possible to machine 3-dimensional curved surfaces, which is not possible with indexable 5-axis machining. In addition, 5-axis machining is performed simultaneously for undercutting, eliminating the need for workpiece angle adjustment.