月: 2023年9月

What Is an Inside Caliper?

An inside caliper is a specialized tool designed to measure the internal diameter of holes or pipes. They feature jaws specifically tailored for accessing and measuring the insides of objects, often with the ability to reach into deep spaces. These calipers can provide readings in fine increments, enhancing precision in measurement tasks.

Uses of Inside Calipers

Widely used in industrial production, quality assurance labs, and research and development, inside calipers are crucial for accurately measuring internal dimensions. They are particularly valuable for tasks like checking the diameter of pipes or holes, where accurate internal measurements are essential.

Principle of Inside Calipers

Inside calipers function similarly to general calipers but are specifically designed for internal measurements. Analog types often use a vernier scale for precise readings, while digital models display measurements directly on a screen. The measuring process involves aligning the jaws with the internal sides of the object and reading the distance between them.

Other Information on Inside Calipers

Errors Induced by Calipers

While user-friendly, inside calipers can be susceptible to measurement errors. These errors include zero point error, where the base measurement is not set to zero, and pitching and yawing errors due to incorrect positioning of the calipers during measurement. Additionally, excessive measuring pressure can lead to inaccurate readings, and the device might not accurately measure objects with small inner radius curvatures. In such cases, alternative measurement tools may be required.

What Is an Ion Generator?

An ion generator is a device that produces negative ions by applying electrical or physical force to the air or through radiation. These ions are known for their air-purifying and deodorizing effects.

Uses of Ion Generators

Ion generators are used in homes, public facilities, hospitals, and factories for their air purification and deodorization properties. They help sterilize mold, collect dust, and eliminate static electricity. Key considerations when selecting an ion generator include ion generation capacity, ion balance, power usage, and maintenance ease.

Principle of Ion Generators

Ion generators create ions primarily through four methods:

1. Corona Discharge Type Ion Generator

This type generates ions from oxygen and water molecules in the air using corona discharge, which occurs when a high voltage is applied between a needle-shaped electrode and a flat plate.

2. Electron-Emitting Ion Generator

Electron-emission ion generators produce ions by directly emitting electrons into the air, which then combine with oxygen and water molecules.

3. Lennard Effect Ion Generator

This method involves ionizing water through collision, similar to the phenomenon observed near waterfalls.

4. Radioactive Ion Generator

These generators use the energy from radiation emitted by radioactive materials, such as ceramics and natural minerals, to ionize substances in the air.

Other Information on Ion Generators

Difference Between Regular Air Purifiers and Ion Generators
While both serve as air purifiers, ion generators differ significantly from regular air purifiers. Traditional air purifiers use filters to capture airborne particles, while ion generators release ions to neutralize airborne bacteria, viruses, and odors, even reaching surfaces like walls and clothing. This makes ion generators especially popular for pet odor control and in environments where hygiene is paramount. They also help reduce static electricity and can have skin-rejuvenating effects.

What Is an Ammonia Meter?

An ammonia meter is a device for measuring ammonia gas concentration, essential in various fields like agriculture, industry, and refrigeration technology. These meters are critical for monitoring ammonia levels to ensure safety and process control, preventing leakage or excessive release of ammonia gas.

They are especially vital in livestock health management and cooling systems, as well as in industrial processes and environmental protection. The meters use electrodes to detect ammonium ions and require regular maintenance for accurate readings.

Applications of Ammonia Meters

Ammonia meters are commonly used in sewage treatment plants and wastewater treatment facilities to measure ammonia levels for optimal process control. They are essential in managing ammonia discharge in wastewater from factories and analyzing environmental conditions in water bodies. These meters are portable, allowing for on-site, simple analysis of wastewater samples.

Features of Ammonia Meters

Equipped with a membrane and electrodes, ammonia meters calculate ammonium ions’ concentration based on potential differences. They also include a potassium ion electrode for compensation. Regular maintenance is necessary to prevent contamination from affecting readings, and some models feature ultrasonic oscillators to clean the electrode surface.

For continuous monitoring, some ammonia meters immerse the electrode in the sample solution continuously, providing real-time data output.

Types of Ammonia Meters

Ammonia meters vary in types, including chemical sensors, electrification sensors, gas chromatography, and infrared absorption spectroscopy. These devices are designed for real-time monitoring of ammonia concentrations to maintain safety and efficiency.

How to Choose an Ammonia Meter

1. Intended Use

Consider the specific application and environment where the ammonia meter will be used. Select the appropriate sensor type based on the intended use, such as chemical sensors, electrochemical sensors, or gas chromatography.

2. Measuring Range

Ensure the measurement range matches the target ammonia concentration. Accurate data collection depends on a correctly calibrated measurement range for the intended application.

3. Accuracy and Reliability

Choose a meter known for its accuracy and reliability, especially if high precision is required. Also, consider the ease of calibration and maintenance.

4. Suitability for Environmental Conditions

Check the meter’s compatibility with the specific environmental conditions where it will be used. Durability and, in some cases, explosion-proof design may be necessary for harsh environments.

What Is PVC Tubing?

PVC tubing, made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), is a type of plastic tubing known for its good electrical insulation properties. It is commonly used in electronic devices for insulating wires and terminals, particularly in environments where human contact is likely, thus significantly reducing the risk of electric shock and ignition from dust accumulation.

Applications of PVC Tubing

PVC tubing, with an electrical insulation resistance significantly higher than rubber or polyethylene, is used across various electronic equipment to prevent electric shock and short circuits. It finds use in protecting wiring, especially with the development of PVC heat shrink tubing, which forms a protective coating when heated. PVC resin’s mechanical strength makes it suitable for transporting flammable liquids and chemicals.

Characteristics of PVC Tubing

PVC resin is one of the four major general-purpose plastics, in addition to polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene, known for its versatility and stability in dimensions. It is composed of molecular chains of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine, and is classified as an amorphous resin among general-purpose plastics. The resin can be processed using various methods, including extrusion molding for PVC tubing. By adding additives, PVC resin can exhibit a range of properties, making it suitable for both rigid and flexible applications. However, its heat sensitivity limits its use in high-temperature environments, leading to the development of cold-resistant PVC Tubing for use in extremely low temperatures.

Types of PVC Tubing

1. General-Purpose PVC Tubing

Used widely in homes for garden hoses, in kitchens and bathrooms for drainage, and various industrial applications. It’s available in different sizes and thicknesses.

2. Pressure-Resistant PVC Tubing

Suitable for high-pressure environments such as industrial piping, pressure vessels, and air conditioning systems. It offers durability against internal liquid and gas pressures.

3. Transparent PVC Tubing

Used in the food and medical industries for its transparency, which allows visual monitoring of the contents. Common applications include beverage piping and medical equipment packaging.

4. PVC Tubing for Electric Wire Protection

Designed to protect electrical wires and cables from environmental damage and electrical interference. It is widely used in industrial facilities and construction sites, offering durability and electrical insulation.

What Is an LCD Controller?

An LCD Controller is a device that transforms input video signals into a displayable format on an LCD panel. It operates under instructions from the system control CPU, writing drawing data into built-in or external image memory, and then reading and outputting this data to the LCD panel. This process significantly reduces the load on the system control CPU for rendering images.

Applications of the LCD Controller

LCD Controllers are primarily used to offload image processing tasks from the system control CPU. They capture camera images, adjust data to match the LCD panel’s display resolution, and independently display images. These controllers often feature interfaces compatible with HDMI output, allowing simultaneous display on LCD panels and output to peripheral devices through HDMI.

Principle of LCD Controller

1. Data Storage

LCD Controllers store image data in VRAM (Video Random Access Memory). They read this data from the memory and output it to the LCD panel.

2. Image Data Processing

Processing tasks include rotation for portrait or landscape display, scaling for adjusting moving images to the panel’s pixel count, and FRC (Frame Rate Converter) processing to align CPU writing speed with LCD speed.

3. Data Communication

The controller communicates with the system control CPU via interfaces like I2C or SPI buses. It converts input video signals into RGB data for the LCD panel, synchronized with horizontal and vertical display positioning signals (HSYNC and VSYNC).

Other Information on LCD Controllers

1. Typical Number of Display Pixels

Common display pixel resolutions for TV sets include:

• SD Broadcast: 720 × 480 pixels (480P)
• HD Broadcast: 1,280 × 720 pixels (720P)
• Full HD Broadcast: 1920 × 1080 pixels (1080P)
• 4K Broadcast: 3,840 × 2,160 pixels (2160P)
• 8K Broadcast: 7,680 × 4,320 pixels

All these standards utilize LCD Controllers for image control.

2. Low Power Consumption Technology

For mobile devices, low power consumption is crucial. LCD Controllers are designed to reduce power by deactivating unused functions, implementing detailed clock control for processing blocks, and adjusting the video memory operating clock. Active block control, a hardware feature, automatically adjusts processing clocks based on the operation.

What Is a Direct Numeric Control (DNC) System?

The direct numeric control (DNC) system is an online system for controlling various NC (numerical control) machine tools. Unlike traditional methods using floppy disks or USB ports, DNC enables direct operation of NC machine tools from a computer via a network connection, typically LAN, allowing for central management and operation of multiple NC machines.

Uses of Direct Numeric Control System

DNC systems facilitate the operation of multiple NC machine tools from a single computer, enabling data exchange between the computer and the machines. This system allows for the handling of large data volumes, long-term scheduled operations, and even unmanned operations, a significant advancement over conventional CNC machine tools. Additionally, it can acquire data from NC machines and transmit it back to the computer for monitoring and management.

Principle of Direct Numeric Control System

1. Data Transfer

Traditional CNC machine tools often rely on physical media like floppy disks or USB drives for data transfer, which can be time-consuming and limited in data capacity. DNC overcomes these limitations by networking the computer and NC machine tool for direct data transfer, eliminating the risk of manual input errors.

2. Network

The networking of DNC systems can be achieved using LAN or optical cables, connecting various devices like CAD/CAM computers, displays, and NC machines. For NC machine tools without network interfaces, a conversion adapter is used to connect LAN cables to the RS-232C ports of the machines. Additionally, wireless transmission to mobile devices can enable remote monitoring of machine operations.

Other Information on Direct Numeric Control System

1. Examples of Using the Direct Numeric Control System

DNC systems are used to monitor and manage the progress of NC machine operations from a DNC PC. This progress information can also be shared with other linked systems, allowing for comprehensive management of operations.

2. Advantages of Direct Numeric Control System

The increasing complexity and volume of NC data necessitate online transmission between equipment, and the DNC system meets this demand by allowing direct, high-speed data transfer from computers to machine tools. Benefits include the elimination of physical data storage like paper tapes and floppy disks, streamlined data management, and the ability to supply data directly from CAD/CAM systems to NC machine tools.

What Is a High-Pressure Cleaning Vehicle?

A high-pressure cleaning vehicle is equipped with a high-pressure pump and water tank, designed for cleaning surfaces by spraying water at high pressure. It’s more powerful than household high-pressure cleaners and can be adapted for various uses by changing the nozzle. Proper water pressure adjustment is crucial to balance cleaning efficacy and surface protection.

Uses of High-Pressure Cleaning Vehicles

These vehicles are versatile and used for tasks such as:

• Cleaning road gutters and building rooftops
• Disaster restoration work
• Civil engineering tasks like sludge collection and dredging
• Landscaping and environmental maintenance
• Cleaning complex exterior surfaces and heat exchanger tubes
• Paint removal and dust suppression in construction

Principle of High-Pressure Cleaning Vehicle

The vehicle’s cleaning mechanism comprises three main parts:

1. High-Pressure Pump

Uses a positive displacement pump, such as a reciprocating or plunger pump, to achieve high pressure and variable discharge volume.

2. Water Tank

Water tanks range from 500 to over 2,000 liters, with the tank size and pump discharge volume determining the duration of uninterrupted work.

3. Nozzles

Nozzles are interchangeable for different applications, allowing for adjustable water pressure and efficient dirt removal.

Other Information on High-Pressure Cleaning Vehicles

1. Work of High-Pressure Cleaning Vehicle

These vehicles are used in various cleaning tasks, including construction site maintenance, tank and piping cleaning, and surface peeling. Due to their high mobility, they are typically owned by cleaning contractors. Safety measures are critical due to the strong pressure, and costs for services can vary based on work site size, efficiency, and hazard levels.

2. Difference From Home-Use High-Pressure Cleaners

Home-use high-pressure cleaners, available at home centers, differ significantly in pump capacity from high-pressure cleaning vehicles. The maximum pressure for household cleaners is around 9 MPa, compared to over 20 MPa for these vehicles. Commercial-use cleaners are also heavier, affecting their workability.

What Is a High-Efficiency Motor?

A high-efficiency motor is engineered to convert electric power into motive power with minimal loss. These motors aim to reduce power loss, generating less heat, which contributes to longer service life and reduced energy consumption, thereby lowering environmental impact.

High-efficiency motors are becoming increasingly prevalent in various industries and home appliances, driven by the need to enhance energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Applications of High-Efficiency Motors

High-efficiency motors are used in numerous areas:

1. Factories and Manufacturing Plants

In factories and manufacturing plants, these motors drive pumps and compressors, lowering energy costs and boosting productivity.

2. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

They play a critical role in electric and hybrid vehicles, where higher motor efficiency equates to longer driving ranges and more efficient charging.

3. Household Appliances

Household appliances, like refrigerators and washing machines, also benefit from high-efficiency motors, achieving energy savings and quieter operation.

Principle of High-Efficiency Motors

These motors focus on maximizing energy conversion efficiency. Key to this is the design of the magnetic circuit, involving optimized shapes and materials for efficient magnetic flux transmission. Low-loss materials for iron cores and conductors reduce heat and energy losses, while efficient control circuits and technologies like inverters further enhance performance.

Types of High-Efficiency Motors

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) categorizes high-efficiency motors into efficiency grades:

1. IE1

Standard efficiency, generally used in industrial applications where high efficiency is not a priority.

2. IE2

Improved efficiency over IE1, adhering to IEC standards for reduced energy consumption.

3. IE3

High efficiency, surpassing IE2, commonly used in industrial applications for further energy savings.

4. IE4

Very high efficiency, exceeding IE3, but more expensive and often less economical compared to IE3.

5. IE5

The highest efficiency grade, incorporating the latest technologies for maximum energy conservation.

Other Information on High-Efficiency Motors

Cautions for High-Efficiency Motors

While high-efficiency motors offer higher RPMs and efficiency, transitioning from standard to high-efficiency types in pumps or fans can lead to increased power consumption if loads aren’t adjusted. It’s crucial to check related equipment like wiring and breakers for compatibility.

What Is a High-Strength Bolt?

High-strength bolts are robust fasteners primarily used in steel-frame construction. Their tensile strength, typically at least 800 N/mm2, far exceeds that of common steel materials like SS400, which has a strength of 400 N/mm2. This makes them ideal for construction applications rather than general mechanical uses.

High-strength bolts are particularly prevalent in friction joints, a common element in steel construction, where they are used to securely fasten steel materials together.

Uses of High-Strength Bolts

These bolts are predominantly employed in the construction industry, especially for steel frame structures, a method often favored in Japan over concrete structures. In steel construction, welding steel frames together are labor-intensive and less stable in quality when performed on-site, leading to the preference for friction joining using high-strength bolts, which require high torque to generate the necessary frictional force.

Principle of High-Strength Bolts

Traditionally made from chrome steel or chrome molybdenum steel, high-strength bolts for steel-frame joints are now increasingly crafted from low-carbon boron-added steel. This change addresses the issue of delayed fracture common in chromium and chrome molybdenum steels.

The Torsia-type high-strength bolt, a variant, is designed to ensure fastening completion and axial force, and cannot be intentionally loosened once fastened.

Types of High-Strength Bolts

High-strength bolts are categorized into two main types based on their shape and application: hexagonal bolts for friction joints and Torsia-type bolts.

1. High-Strength Hexagonal Bolt for Friction Joints

These bolts are used for friction joints in construction, conforming to JIS B 1186 standards. They are classified as F10T or F8T based on strength. Although hot-dip galvanized high-strength bolts are sometimes classified as F8T, they often do not fully conform to JIS standards and are usually certified by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism.

2. Torsia-Type High-Strength Bolt

Torsia-type bolts require special tools for fastening due to their unique shape. The tightening section of these bolts breaks at the specified torque, simplifying torque control. The head is circular, resembling a rivet, and fastening is achieved by turning a grooved screw tip that breaks upon completion. This design ensures a consistent axial force and prevents intentional loosening post-fastening.

Other Information on High-Strength Bolts

Difference Between High-Strength Bolt and High-Tension Bolt
High-strength bolts and high-tension bolts are essentially the same, made from high-tensile (high-tension) steel. Variations in high-tensile steel include types with higher nickel content for increased salt resistance near coastal areas and weather-resistant types with added Ni and Cu for enhanced atmospheric corrosion resistance.

What Is an Anemometer?

An anemometer is a measuring instrument used to determine wind speed and wind volume.

It is mainly used in meteorology, environmental monitoring, construction, the energy industry, and the aviation industry to help accurately measure and analyze wind parameters. Anemometers are very important in measuring the amount of ventilation in a building.

Since a typical building is airtight, there is very little air exchange as it is. Therefore, ventilation is provided by ventilation fans and ducts, but the amount of ventilation is defined by the volume of the room and the number of people in the room.

Anemometers are similar to anemometers, but anemometers measure speed. To measure air volume from an anemometer, it is necessary to calculate the area of ducts, etc. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between anemometers and anemometers depending on what you want to measure.

Usage of Anemometers

Anemometers are used to measure whether the appropriate airflow is being controlled. The most common use of an anemometer is to verify that the ventilation rate of a building is being used as required. The ventilation rate of a building is strictly determined by its intended use, and anemometers are used to measure the ventilation rate.

In addition to ventilation, an airflow meter is also used to measure the airflow of dryers used for food and other products. Some foods cannot be dried at high temperatures, so a large amount of cold air with a low dew point is poured into the food to promote drying.

In this case, the airflow rate is as important as the dew point, so anemometers are used to measure the airflow rate.

Principle of Anemometers

Unlike anemometers, anemometers must measure all the airflow coming out of a duct or pipe. Anemometers can measure even a portion of the duct or piping, so they can measure from the number of revolutions of a propeller or the pressure drop across a pitot tube, but anemometers cannot measure wind volume in this way.

Therefore, anemometers are designed to be attached to a large cone or hood, which can then be directly attached to the duct or piping. In addition, high-end models can measure not only at the outlet but also at the inlet.

Basically, there is almost no error by the measurer, but care should be taken to avoid air leakage. In addition, since anemometers are directly attached to ducts, the size of the main unit tends to be large. Another disadvantage is that they are a little difficult to use.

How to Choose an Anemometers

1. Measurement Range

Define the measurement range of the required wind speed according to the intended use of the anemometer. If the selected range of anemometer does not match the actual wind speed, accurate data will not be obtained. Select the optimum range for your application so that the required data can be collected.

2. Availability of Wind Direction Sensor

If wind direction information is required, select anemometers with wind direction sensors. Wind direction information is important in the aviation industry and for construction projects. High accuracy is required because the slightest wind direction can affect projects and operations.

3. Accuracy and Durability

Accuracy of measurement and durability of anemometers are important. Highly accurate and durable models should be selected, especially for long-term use and operation in harsh environments. Ensuring data accuracy and long life improves operational stability. 

4. Data Management and Communication Functions

If measurement data management and real-time monitoring are required, anemometers with data recording and communication capabilities should be considered. Easy data collection and sharing will enable efficient operation.

If real-time airflow measurement is required, the speed of the communication function is also important, so the choice should be made after clarifying the intended use.