What Is Chloroform?
Chloroform, also known as trichloromethane, is an aliphatic chlorine compound. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor, insoluble in water but soluble in diethyl ether, acetone, and benzene. Due to its reactivity, it is stored at low temperatures with stabilizers to prevent peroxide formation and violent polymerization.
Uses of Chloroform
Chloroform’s main applications include:
- Production of chlorodifluoromethane and chlorofluorocarbons, which are used in fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and fluorinated refrigerants.
- Extraction solvent in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals for substances like antibiotics, vitamins, and alkaloids.
- Deuterated chloroform as a solvent in NMR measurements.
- Historically, as an inhalant anesthetic, though its use has been discontinued due to health risks.
Characteristics of Chloroform
Chloroform is highly volatile, with a boiling point of 61°C and a melting point of -64°C. It is nonflammable in liquid form but combustible as a vapor. In the presence of air, it decomposes to form phosgene, dichloromethane, and other compounds. It is stabilized with additives like methanol or ethanol.
Other Information on Chloroform
1. Synthesis of Chloroform
Chloroform is produced industrially by heating chlorine with chloromethane or methane at about 500°C, followed by distillation. It can also be synthesized from ethanol or acetone with calcium hypochlorite, or by reducing carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen. Natural sources include seaweeds, fungi, and chlorinated tap water.
2. Safety of Chloroform
Inhalation of chloroform can lead to respiratory, liver, and kidney toxicity. Symptoms include coughing, dizziness, nausea, and in severe cases, a slow heartbeat or death. It can irritate the eyes and skin. Proper protective equipment, such as safety glasses and gloves, should be used when handling chloroform.