月: 2023年1月

What Is Potassium Fluoride?

Potassium fluoride is an inorganic compound, appearing as a white crystalline or powdered substance. This compound is notable for its solubility in water, insolubility in ethanol and other alcohols, and its ability to corrode glass, imparting a salty taste.

Key data for potassium fluoride include its chemical formula KF, molecular weight of 58.10, melting point of 860°C, and boiling point of 1505°C. Its CAS registration number is 7789-23-3. Potassium fluoride is regulated under several safety and environmental laws, necessitating proper handling and labeling.

Uses of Potassium Fluoride

Potassium fluoride’s applications are diverse, spanning multiple industries:

• It serves as a crucial raw material in the manufacturing of tantalum for tantalum capacitors, vital components in electronics.
• As a base in organic reactions, potassium fluoride acts as a fluorinating agent, catalyst, and fluxing agent, also absorbing HF and moisture in organic synthesis.
• Additionally, it is utilized as an analytical reagent, complex-forming agent, and in food preservation, electroplating, and etching processes.
• Potassium fluoride is also employed in the preparation of aluminum welding rods and welding flux, alongside being a precursor for potassium hydrofluoride.

Given its hazardous classification under safety laws and others concerning transport, aeronautics, water pollution, air pollution, and soil contamination, potassium fluoride requires diligent handling and proper disposal measures.

What Is Ammonium Fluoride?

Ammonium fluoride is an ionic compound presented as a white crystalline powder with the chemical formula FH₄N and a molecular weight of 37.04. Its CAS number is 12125-01-8, recognized as hazardous under industrial safety regulations.

Uses of Ammonium Fluoride

Its applications include:

• Etching agent for glass and semiconductor materials.
• Detergent component for removing silica scale.
• Disinfectant in brewing equipment and wood preservatives.
• Surface treatment agent for metals, and in textile printing and dyeing.
• Insecticide and chemical analysis reagent.

Properties of Ammonium Fluoride

This compound is highly soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol and acetone, and known for eroding glass and corroding aluminum. It has a melting point of 238°C and a pH range of 6.0-7.5, indicating mild acidity.

Other Information on Ammonium Fluoride

1. Production Method

Ammonium fluoride can be synthesized by reacting ammonia water with ammonium bifluoride or by treating ammonia gas with hydrofluoric acid, among other methods.

2. Legal Information

Subject to various laws and regulations, ammonium fluoride is classified as a deleterious substance and hazardous under environmental and safety laws.

3. Precautions for Handling and Storage

Proper protective equipment should be used to avoid exposure. In case of fire, nonflammable extinguishing agents are recommended. Immediate measures should be taken if contact with skin or eyes occurs, and storage should be in non-erodible containers, away from direct sunlight, and a well-ventilated area.

What Is Aluminum Fluoride?

Aluminum fluoride (AlF₃) is an ionic compound recognized for its significance in various industrial applications. With a CAS number of 7784-18-1, it is identified as a hazardous substance, necessitating proper labeling and handling.

Uses of Aluminum Fluoride

Aluminum fluoride’s primary applications include serving as a smelting flux for metals, a glaze for ceramics, and a flux for welding rods. It is crucial in the electrolytic smelting of aluminum, lowering alumina’s melting point and enhancing electrical conductivity. Furthermore, its ultraviolet transmission properties make it valuable for optical lenses, including those in cameras and digital SLRs, scintillators, and optical fibers.

Properties of Aluminum Fluoride

This compound boasts a formula weight of 83.98, with a high melting point of 1,291°C and a boiling point of 1,272°C. As an odorless, white solid, it exhibits sublimation and has a density of 3.07 g/mL. Soluble in water to a degree, it reacts violently with sodium and potassium, and upon exposure to acids, releases toxic fumes. Nonflammable, it poses risks when interacting with air, humidity, or active hydrogen compounds.

Types of Aluminum Fluoride

Aluminum fluoride is marketed both for research, in quantities like 10g to 500g, and for industrial use, in larger volumes starting at 20 kg. Its industrial applications span optical film materials, fluoride lens manufacturing, and as a solvent in aluminum electrolysis.

Other Information on Aluminum Fluoride

1. Synthesis of Aluminum Fluoride

It can be synthesized through the reaction of aluminum oxide with hydrogen fluoride or from aluminum hydroxide and metallic aluminum with hydrogen fluoride, heated to around 700°C.

2. Crystal Structure of Aluminum Fluoride

Aluminum fluoride’s octahedral structure, similar to rhenium oxide (VI), contributes to its refractory nature, distinguishing it from other halogen analogs.

3. Aluminum Fluoride Hydrate

Its hydrates, varying in water content, include monohydrate, trihydrate, hexahydrate, and nonahydrate forms, demonstrating the compound’s versatility.

4. Safety Information on Aluminum Fluoride

Recognized as hazardous, aluminum fluoride’s risks include toxicity upon ingestion, eye and respiratory irritation, potential reproductive harm, and bone damage after prolonged exposure. Compliance with legal and regulatory guidelines is essential for its handling and disposal.

What Is Dibutyl Phthalate?

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is an organic compound and ester with the chemical formula C₁₆H₂₂O₄. Known by various names such as dibutan-1-yl phthalate and n-butyl phthalate, it holds the CAS registration number 84-74-2. DBP is widely utilized as a plasticizer in addition to its roles in adhesives and printing inks.

Uses of Dibutyl Phthalate

As a plasticizer, dibutyl phthalate enhances the flexibility of polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and acrylic resins. Its applications extend to lacquers, adhesives, printing inks, pigments, cellophane, dyes, and textile lubricants. DBP also serves as a raw material in pharmaceuticals for its keratolytic, antiseptic, antidiarrheal, and antiparasitic properties, and is used in cosmetics as a fragrance and solvent. Additionally, it functions as a plant growth regulator, pesticide auxiliary agent, and brewing process additive.

Properties of Dibutyl Phthalate

This compound, with a molecular weight of 278.35, appears as a colorless to yellow, aromatic, viscous liquid at room temperature, featuring a characteristic odor. It has a melting point of -35°C, a boiling point of 340°C, and a density of 1.05 g/mL. While it shows good solubility in organic solvents like alcohols, ethers, and benzene, its water solubility is limited to 10 mg/L at 25°C.

Types of Dibutyl Phthalate

Available for both research and industrial use, dibutyl phthalate is marketed in various volumes, catering to laboratory and production needs. As a plasticizer, DBP is prized for its efficiency and processability, finding extensive use in paints, adhesives, and rubber products.

Other Information on Dibutyl Phthalate

1. Synthesis of Dibutyl Phthalate

DBP is synthesized through the esterification of n-butanol with phthalic anhydride, illustrating its chemical production process.

2. Decomposition of Dibutyl Phthalate

Upon hydrolysis, dibutyl phthalate decomposes into n-butanol and phthalic acid, with monobutyl phthalate being a significant metabolite. It reacts with strong oxidants and acids, yielding carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide upon combustion. Proper storage away from extreme conditions and reactive substances is crucial.

3. Safety Information on Dibutyl Phthalate

With a flash point of 174°C, DBP is classified as a flammable liquid. Exposure may lead to allergic skin reactions, respiratory irritation, and potential reproductive harm. Its long-term or repeated exposure poses risks to respiratory health and is highly toxic to aquatic life. Regulatory designations emphasize the need for proper handling, labeling, and risk assessment to mitigate its environmental and health impacts.

What Is Potassium Ferrocyanide?

Potassium ferrocyanide, an inorganic compound with the chemical formula K₄[Fe(CN)₆], is also known as potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) and yellow prussiate of potash. This complex salt, often encountered as a trihydrate, has a historical synthesis involving the heating of animal blood and bone with iron and potassium carbonate.

It is recognized as a hazardous substance under industrial safety regulations, requiring specific handling and labeling precautions.

Uses of Potassium Ferrocyanide

Its applications include use as a developer in blueprinting, a reagent for iron ion detection, and a stabilizer for iron, copper, and silver. In microscopy, it serves as a staining agent, enhancing contrast due to its interaction with heavy metals. Additionally, it is utilized in the food industry as an anti-caking agent for salt, approved for this purpose despite initial safety concerns.

1. Detection of Iron (II) Ions

In aqueous solutions, potassium ferrocyanide reacts with iron(II) ions to form a blue-white precipitate, while with iron(III) ions, it produces dark blue precipitates, known as Prussian blue.

2. Food Additives

Now approved as a food additive, potassium ferrocyanide prevents clumping in salt. Its use is restricted to this application, reflecting regulatory oversight concerning its addition to foods.

Properties of Potassium Ferrocyanide

The anhydrous form has a molecular weight of 368.4 and exists as a hygroscopic, colorless powder. The trihydrate variant, appearing as yellow crystals or powder, has a molecular weight of 422.39 and a melting point of 70°C. Soluble in water and virtually insoluble in ethanol, its solutions are pale yellow.

Types of Potassium Ferrocyanide

Available primarily for research, it is sold as a trihydrate or a 1% solution, in quantities suitable for laboratory use.

Other Information on Potassium Ferrocyanide

1. Synthesis of Potassium Ferrocyanide

This compound can be synthesized from sodium cyanide, iron(II) sulfate, and potassium chloride, showcasing its versatile preparation methods.

2. Chemical Reaction of Potassium Ferrocyanide

The ferrocyanide ion [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ is stable and non-toxic in aqueous solutions, contrasting with the hazardous nature of free cyanide ions. However, its decomposition can occur under certain conditions, such as in the presence of hot dilute sulfuric acid, releasing hydrogen cyanide.