月: 2022年12月

What Is an Optical Adhesive?

Optical adhesives are specialized adhesives designed for bonding and assembling optical components.

Among these adhesives, UV-curable adhesives are commonly used in the production of optical lenses, optical fibers, and other optical devices. UV-curable adhesives harden rapidly when exposed to ultraviolet light.

With the increasing use of optical components in fields like optical communications, the demand for optical adhesives capable of bonding these components is on the rise.

Applications of Optical Adhesives

1. Lens Assembly

Precision positioning and bonding are critical in optical lens assembly. Optical adhesives are employed to securely bond lenses to each other and frames, ensuring a stable bond without compromising optical performance.

2. Optical Fiber Connections

Given the vital role of optical fibers in high-speed communication and sensing, maintaining high-quality connections is of utmost importance. Optical adhesives are used to connect optical fibers to devices, ensuring low-loss signal transmission.

3. Display Manufacturing

Manufacturing LCD and OLED displays often involve bonding thin glass and film materials. Optical adhesives are used for bonding these delicate materials, resulting in high-definition image quality and durability.

4. Sensor Assembly

For optical sensors and camera module assembly, precise alignment of lenses and sensors is essential. Optical adhesives facilitate the bonding of sensors to lenses and cover glass, ensuring high sensitivity and reliability.

5. Optics Repair

Precision repairs are necessary when optical components become damaged. Optical adhesives are used to reassemble lenses and optical elements, enabling the repair of damaged areas and the restoration of optical properties.

Principle of Optical Adhesives

Optical adhesives are known for their instantaneous light curing, allowing for extremely precise bonding. Additionally, these liquid adhesives can be applied to match the shape of the bonding area, including minute surfaces.

1. Light Curing Mechanism

Optical adhesives cure through exposure to specific ultraviolet (UV) light wavelengths. This is achieved by incorporating a light-curing agent in the adhesive, which undergoes a chemical reaction upon exposure to UV energy.

2. Activation of Light Energy

UV light irradiation onto the adhesive’s surface activates the light-curing agent, rendering it highly reactive. This activation promotes the formation of chemical bonds within the adhesive molecules.

3. Progress of Cross-Linking Reaction

Activation of the light-curing agent initiates cross-linking reactions between adhesive molecules and between the adhesive and the bonding surface. This transformation changes the adhesive from a liquid to a solid state, forming a robust bond.

Types of Optical Adhesives

1. Acrylic Optical Adhesives

Acrylic optical adhesives are composed of acrylic ester-based compounds and are known for their high transparency and weather resistance. They cure rapidly, making them suitable for UV curing processes, and are often used in optical component assembly and display production.

2. Epoxy-Based Optical Adhesives

Epoxy-based optical adhesives rely on epoxy resins and are prized for their high strength and chemical resistance. These adhesives are suitable for bonding hard materials such as metals and ceramics and are occasionally employed for bonding optical and mechanical components.

3. Silicone-Based Optical Adhesives

Silicone-based optical adhesives primarily consist of silicone polymers and offer exceptional flexibility and heat resistance. They exhibit a low coefficient of thermal expansion, ensuring stable bonding in the face of temperature variations. These adhesives are commonly used for protecting optical components and assembling lenses.

4. UV-Curable Silicone Optical Adhesives

UV-curable silicone optical adhesives combine silicone and UV curing agents, providing a blend of flexibility and high heat resistance. They are particularly well-suited for applications in high-temperature environments and are used for optical component assembly and bonding in liquid crystal displays.

5. Liquid Crystal-Based Optical Adhesives

Liquid crystal-based optical adhesives find use in the production of liquid crystal displays and are designed for joining different layers and components within liquid crystal cells. These adhesives are essential for manufacturing high-quality displays, as they preserve the optical properties of various liquid crystal materials while bonding them together.

What Is an Adhesive Filler?

An adhesive filler is a type of adhesive specifically designed to fill gaps between objects during bonding. This adhesive, typically robust after curing, is used for both bonding parts and sealing purposes. It allows for slight adjustments of parts after application for easy alignment.

Commonly used adhesive fillers include epoxy adhesives. However, the performance of these adhesives varies greatly with their formulation, necessitating the selection of the appropriate adhesive for each specific application.

Applications of Adhesive Fillers

Adhesive fillers have a wide range of applications:

1. Construction Industry

In construction, they are used for bonding and filling concrete and masonry, enhancing structural stability and durability.

2. Automotive Industry

They play a vital role in manufacturing and repairing automobiles, used for bonding body parts, and providing sound and vibration isolation.

3. Furniture Industry

Adhesive fillers are essential in furniture manufacturing and repair, particularly for bonding and filling wood and plywood, strengthening the overall structure.

4. Metalworking

These fillers bond and fill metal parts, offering an alternative to welding and riveting.

5. Electronics Industry

Used in electronic device manufacturing, they secure small parts and boards, contributing to the stability of minute components.

6. Medical Device Industry

In medical device manufacturing and repair, safe and appropriate medical materials are employed.

7. Household Product Manufacturing

They are also used for repairing plastic and rubber household items, ideal for container repair and bonding plastic parts.

Principle of Adhesive Filler

Adhesive fillers work on several principles:

1. Contact and Diffusion of Substances

Upon application, the adhesive penetrates material irregularities, increasing the contact area and interaction.

2. Intermolecular Forces

These adhesives work mainly through intermolecular forces, where molecules attract each other, forming a bond with the substrate.

3. Curing Reaction

Adhesive fillers typically undergo a curing reaction, forming a polymer compound that solidifies and firmly bonds materials together.

4. Mechanical Interaction

Beyond intermolecular forces, these fillers also bond substances through mechanical interactions, forming a physical bond once cured.

5. Surface Modification

Some adhesive fillers alter the bonding surface to improve adhesion, changing it to be more hydrophilic or lipophilic.

Types of Adhesive Fillers

Adhesive fillers come in various types:

1. Epoxy Adhesives

Epoxy adhesives are known for their durability and strength and are suitable for bonding a wide range of materials.

2. Polyurethane Adhesives

These adhesives offer excellent heat and weather resistance and are used for materials requiring resistance to vibration and movement.

3. Silicone Adhesives

Silicone adhesives are heat and weather-resistant, ideal for bonding glass, metals, and plastics in outdoor or high-temperature settings.

4. Acrylic Adhesives

Acrylic adhesives dry quickly and are transparent, used on various materials and in different environments.

5. Instant Adhesives (Cyanoacrylate)

These adhesives cure quickly and are suitable for bonding and repairing small parts.

6. Thermosetting Adhesives

Thermosetting adhesives cure with heat and are suitable for bonding metals and fixing electronic components.

7. UV-Curable Adhesives

UV-curable adhesives cure rapidly under ultraviolet light and are used for bonding transparent materials.

What Is a Positioning Stage?

Positioning stages are devices designed for precise positioning in various applications, notably in semiconductor and display manufacturing. These platforms are capable of moving with high precision, thanks to the integration of motors and ball screws. Their versatility allows for movement in multiple dimensions, such as XY stages that move freely in two-dimensional spaces.

Applications

Used across precision processing fields, positioning stages facilitate tasks in semiconductor manufacturing, display inspection, and more. They’re crucial for the precise positioning of wafers, substrates, and for the alignment of camera and fiber optics, among other uses.

Operating Principle

Comprising an actuator, control unit, moving stage, and guides, positioning stages operate by controlling signals to the actuator. They employ various control methods to accurately position the stage, adhering to the Abbe principle to minimize measurement errors.

Varieties of Positioning Stages

Positioning stages range from single-axis to complex three-axis types, with rotary and combination variants available. The choice depends on the application’s specific movement and precision requirements.

• Single to Three-Axis: From simple one-directional movement to complex three-dimensional positioning.
• Rotary and Combination: Enable rotational movement and combinations of linear and rotational axes for comprehensive motion capabilities.

Construction Details

Key components include ball screws for friction reduction and linear guides for stage support, ensuring precise and smooth movement. Control devices vary from open-loop to fully-closed control, tailoring the stage’s operation to specific applications.

Additional Insights

Distinguishing between intermittent and continuous positioning methods allows for application-specific movement strategies. Drive mechanisms primarily include rotary and linear motors, each offering unique advantages in terms of speed, accuracy, and structural simplicity.

What Is a Circular Sawing Machinery?

Circular sawing machinery is a type of machinery that cuts wood into straight lines by rotating a circular saw at high speed. Also called table circular saw, table saw, or hand-pushed circular sawing machinery, this machine cuts wood by moving the wood toward the circular saw fixed on the bench. Circular sawing machinery that slides the circular sawing machine back and forth is also available and is called a sliding circular saw.

Many models are equipped with an adjustable guide for moving the material on the table, making it relatively easy to cut to the correct size compared to hand-held circular saws.

Uses of Circular Sawing Machinery

Circular sawing machinery is mainly used for cutting wood, but it can also cut plastic, metal, brick, and siding by changing the saw blade. The guides on the stand and the saw blade’s exit allowance can be finely adjusted and fixed, making it suitable for repeatedly cutting materials to the same size or for cutting at an angle. Small circular sawing machinery is relatively easy to transport, while larger machines are more difficult to move, so they are more suited for use in the workshop than transport to the job site.

Principles of Circular Sawing Machinery

Circular sawing machinery with a saw blade protruding from the stand has an on/off switch on the main body and a dial and screw to adjust the saw blade. Many models have legs at the bottom of the body. Some models have an auxiliary stand for cutting long materials in addition to the upper stand on which the material is placed. A separate stand can be prepared and added for use if the standard stand is insufficient.

A guide is attached to the table on which the material is moved, and the position of the guide can be adjusted and fixed. Since the position of the guide can be fixed, it is suitable for cutting at the exact dimension and for work that requires repeatedly cutting at the same size. Circular sawing machinery (slide circular saw) with a saw blade that moves up and down is equipped with an axis that moves the saw body up and down and a slide axis that slides back and forth. Thin materials are cut only vertically with the slide fixed. By changing the angle of the saw, sloping cutting can be easily performed, which is useful when joining boards. The direction and range of inclination vary from model to model, but most models can tilt from 0 to 45°.

What Is a Double Disc Grinder?

Double disc grinders, also called tabletop or bench grinders, perform grinding and polishing operations. They are usually mounted to a workbench or other surface. It is a type of grinder in which two disk-shaped grinding wheels attached to both ends of a motor shaft fixed horizontally rotate. The grindstones on both ends are often mounted with different grit sizes, so rough grinding is performed with a rough grindstone mounted on one end, and finishing work is performed with a fine gritstone mounted on the other. This allows efficient work without having to change the grindstones each time.

Uses of Double Disc Grinders

Double-headed grinders are used for processing materials and rough grinding and polishing blades. Material processing is used to form small materials that cannot be fixed in a vise and remove burrs after cutting and processing metal materials.

In rough grinding of blades, it is used to grind carpentry tools such as chisels, knives, and saw blades. It is also used to grind small lathe bits that are difficult to fix in place.

A buff made of cloth or linen can be attached in place of the grinding wheel for fine-finishing grinding work. A dedicated blade grinder is an option for heavy blade grinding, while a buff grinder is an option for heavy finishing work with a buff attached.

Principles of Double Disc Grinders

Double disc grinders are used on workbenches and are relatively more limited in their applications than other grinders. Still, their stability makes them suitable for grinding by pressing against the material.

The base of the grinder is located at the bottom, and for models with larger output and size, holes are drilled in the base to fix the grinder to a workbench or other surface with bolts. The main body has a switch to turn the machine on and off, and some models have a dial to adjust the rotation speed. Some models are designed to mount grinding wheels on both ends, and some are equipped with a work rest to stabilize the object to be ground or polished, a safety cover, a magnifying glass, and a large dust collector.

The grit size of the grinding wheel that can be mounted is generally 36 to 120 when used mainly for metalworking. The model specifies the diameter range of grinding wheels that can be used. Models for relatively small grinding wheels of 205 mm or less operate on single-phase 100 V, while models for large grinding wheels over 205 mm operate on three-phase 200 V.

What Is a Roll Crusher?

A roll crusher crushes using a cylindrical rotating tube called a roll, which rotates intermeshing to compress and pulverize hard objects such as ores in between.

Crushing is generally performed by compression using two rolls, but some crushers, called single roll crushers, consist of a single roll.

Single-roll crushers are used for relatively soft objects such as limestone or coal.

Uses of Roll Crushers

Here are some uses of roll crushers.

Roll crushers crush hardwood, concrete, stone, ceramics, glass, and other materials because of their mighty crushing power, even at low rotational speeds.

They are also used for crushing challenging-to-process materials such as electronic components and battery materials.

Higher rotational speeds can also be used for more substantial compaction and higher efficiency.

Roll crushers are used in industrial waste and recycling and are installed at incineration plants and industrial waste collection sites.

Principle of Roll Crushers

The following is an explanation of the principle of roll crushers.

A roll crusher is a crusher that uses compaction action.

Roll crushers have two rolls constantly rotating so that when the object to be crushed passes between these rolls, pressure is applied to the object from the rolls, and is destroyed.

The degree of crushing of the object varies depending on the pressure applied and the specifications of the rollers.

The pressure can be changed by changing the gap between the two rolls or adjusting the rotation speed.

Regarding roller specifications, there are materials and shapes, such as alumina, rollers with devil’s blades, and corrugated rollers.

Also, one of the two rollers has a spring mechanism on one side.

This is to maintain a constant spacing between the rolls and prevent objects over the allowable amount from passing between the rolls.

What Is a Leveling Pad?

Leveling pads are vibration isolators that prevent vibrations from being transmitted to equipment and structures and are used primarily in industrial applications.

In addition to vibration isolation, level pads can provide level adjustment and adjust levels over a wide range.

When vibrations generated by equipment are transmitted outside, such as to the floor on which the equipment is installed, it can affect the surrounding area.

Uses of Leveling Pads

The uses of leveling pads are described below.

Leveling pads can be used to prevent vibration and noise caused by vibration, in addition to ensuring the stable installation of equipment.

Leveling pads are mainly used for stable installation and vibration prevention of equipment such as presses and die-casting machines, which are subject to high vibration caused by their operation.

Leveling pads can also support machines while keeping them level, even when the floor is sloped.

Principle of Leveling Pads

The following is the principle of leveling pad.

Leveling pads are adjustable support devices that simultaneously provide vibration isolation and level adjustment.

Leveling pads consist of a base with movable screws, with vibration-absorbing rubber between the screws to absorb vibration.

First, let me explain the principle of the anti-vibration function.

The anti-vibration function is to absorb vibration through elastic anti-vibration rubber.

When installing vibrating equipment, vibration isolation is used to support the equipment using anti-vibration rubber to prevent various effects caused by vibrations from the outside to the equipment and from the equipment to the exterior. Leveling pads are calculated using a vibration isolation model representing the relationship between these forces.

The level adjustment function is then explained.

The principle of the level adjustment function lies in the moving screw part.

The freely movable threaded part allows the level to be maintained even under various conditions, such as when the floor is sloped or unlevel.

What Is a Pipe Hanger?

A pipe hanger is a fixture constructed with a screw and nut on each end.

A pipe hanger allows the slope of the object to be used to be adjusted at any level, regardless of the level or inclination of the floor surface and the height level of the object.

Some pipe hanger models are designed for one-touch use, corrosion resistance, durability, etc., allowing you to select the appropriate Pipe hanger for your uses.

Uses of Pipe Hangers

The uses of pipe hangers are explained here.

Pipe hangers can adjust the slope level of piping over a wide range by fixing the piping with nuts and screws attached to both ends and changing the band’s inclination.

As such, they are used for installing and securing drainage pipes and piping under floors and ceilings and are sometimes also known as drainage pipe support fittings.

In addition to drainpipes, which are water-related components, they are also used for pumps and hydraulic equipment.

Principle of Pipe Hangers

The following is a description of the principle of pipe hangers.

The structure of a pipe hanger is straightforward. A semi-circular metal band is attached to two rods mounted on a base, with upper and lower metal fittings, and a pipe is placed between the metal fittings and held in place by the upper and lower fittings.

In this process, by changing the height of the lower fitting, the position of the piping height and the slope level can be changed, thus adjusting the slope to any desired level.

There is also a pipe hanger called a slide level, which holds the piping in place by sliding the piping in place. Slide levels are mainly used in areas such as bathrooms and kitchens where temperature changes are significant.

Expansion and contraction of piping due to temperature changes can cause problems. Therefore, considering the expansion and contraction of piping due to temperature changes, a play space between the piping and the pipe hanger can be provided to accommodate the expansion and contraction of the piping instead of fixing it firmly like a level band.

What Is a Pump Ring?

A pump ring is a type of tube pump.

The advantages of a tube pump include:

• No need for check valves due to the non-return mechanism
• The fluid path consists only of tubing, making it easy to change flow paths
• No direct contact between the fluid and the pump, preventing contamination
• Possibility of continuous pumping and self-priming
• Resistance to dry running
• Easy installation, operation, and maintenance
• Excellent flow stability and metering accuracy
• Low-cost tubing required as a replacement part

However, due to a mechanism that places a burden on the tube, the tube life was expected to be shorter. To address this weakness, a ring-shaped roller called a “Pump Ring” is employed.

Uses of Pump Rings

Pump rings are widely used for liquid conveyance.

They find applications in various fields, with the discharge volume being adjustable, and depending on the tubing material, they can also handle chemical liquids. Examples of liquids used include:

• Detergents and rinses (finishing agents)
• Food and beverages
• Chemicals (acidic water, sulfuric acid, alkaline water, hypozinc acid, etc.)
• Ink
• Various oils (fuel oil, etc.)

Applications and fields of use include:

• Physical and chemical fields (bio, chemical): chemical supply, dispensers, etc.
• Food and beverage industry: water purifiers, filling machines, etc.
• Medical applications: regenerative medical equipment, hemodialysis machines, etc.
• Printing: inkjet printers, etc.
• Other advanced technology fields such as car washes and floor washing machines

Principles of Pump Rings

A pump ring consists of a tube serving as a liquid transport path and a roller responsible for suctioning the liquid.

Tube pumps suction liquid by squeezing the tube with multiple small rollers. Here’s how it works:

1. The tube is positioned around the perimeter of a rotating section containing several rollers, which is part of an eccentric rotor.
2. The contact area with the rollers is compressed between the outer wall, resulting in tube deformation.
3. The rollers sequentially compress the tube from the upstream side, creating a vacuum within the tube to suction the liquid.

Due to this mechanism, there is a significant burden on the tubes, which need frequent replacement.

To mitigate this issue, pump rings are used to prolong tubing life by reducing the tubing’s load. When multiple rollers are used, there is a difference in pressure between the contact and non-contact areas with the rollers. Therefore, a single large-diameter ring in a pump ring system continuously compresses the tubing from the upstream side. By equalizing the load on the tubing, it reduces tubing wear, resulting in an extended service life.

What Is a Reversible Motor?

Reversible motors are capable of rotating in both directions, making them versatile. Unlike DC and single-phase motors that rotate in a single direction, reversible motors allow for direction change, speed control, and torque adjustments. This adaptability makes them suitable for diverse environments and applications, including larger AC motors.

Applications

Reversible motors are integral to several industries:

• Automotive: Utilized for electric windows, seats, and door locks.
• Machine Tools: Essential for equipment requiring bidirectional operation, like belt conveyors.
• Home Appliances: Used in refrigerators for door operations and washing machines for water drainage.

Principle

Constructed with a stator and rotor, AC reversible motors transform electrical energy into rotational energy. Unique features include a brake for instant stopping and a capacitor switching mechanism for direction change, enhancing efficiency and control.

Selection Criteria

Considerations for selecting a reversible motor include:

• Supply Voltage: Match the motor with the correct power supply voltage for optimal performance.
• Mounting Angle: Choose based on the motor’s installation position and operation.
• Output Power: Determine the required power based on the application, considering torque and speed.
• Shaft Shape: Select the shaft shape for compatibility with machine parts, considering round shafts for simplicity and GN or GE toothed for gear coupling.

Considerations

Reversible motors, typically rated for 30 minutes of continuous use, may experience significant temperature rise during operation. Monitoring temperature and operating conditions is crucial to ensure safety and longevity.