月: 2024年1月

What Is Server Security?

Server security involves measures taken to secure servers that store essential data for business operations, including confidential and personal information.

In recent years, there has been an increase in attacks targeting servers holding confidential information and vital data. If a server is attacked and brought to a halt, it not only halts business operations until recovery but also poses the risk of losing access to critical files and systems, leading to potential theft and leakage of confidential information.

To prevent the damages caused by information leakage and server downtime and continue business activities, implementing security measures on servers is crucial. However, server security is not a one-size-fits-all concept; the risks, types of attacks, and required measures vary.

Uses of Server Security

Server security is employed to manage the risks of cyber attacks and prevent or minimize the resulting damages.

Cyber attacks can be broadly categorized into “targeted attacks” and “indiscriminate attacks.” Targeted attacks focus on specific companies or organizations, while indiscriminate attacks target a large number of individuals through means such as email or websites.

Ransomware attacks, which have been on the rise in recent years, traditionally involved sending viruses indiscriminately via email. However, these attacks have become more sophisticated, with a growing number of targeted attacks on specific companies or organizations. For example, attackers exploit vulnerabilities in VPN equipment or operating systems, gain unauthorized access, encrypt data stored on servers, steal important data, and demand ransom. Additionally, a new threat known as “double extortion” has emerged, where stolen confidential data is threatened to be publicly disclosed on the dark web.

Principles of Server Security

The fundamental principles of server security are to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

Confidentiality prevents unauthorized access to data, integrity prevents data tampering, and availability minimizes service interruptions. Specific measures such as robust access control, encryption, and timely application of patches are crucial. Since security is generally maintained through a balance of measures, education of users and monitoring of processes over time are also essential aspects.

How to Choose Server Security

Server security measures can be broadly categorized into “network” and “server.”

1. Network

One aspect of network security measures involves implementing security devices such as UTM (Unified Threat Management) and firewalls to defend against external attacks. These devices detect and block malicious unauthorized access, and the logs from the server are monitored for suspicious activities or unauthorized errors.

Examples of monitored logs include:

• Firewall communication logs
• Communication logs of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS)
• Authentication success/failure logs
• Access logs for file servers
• Access logs for database servers
• Detection of unauthorized access to websites
• Detection of cyber attacks, such as malware or ransomware intrusion

2. Server

Key security measures for servers include “vulnerability response” and “access control and tampering prevention.”

A common occurrence in ransomware attacks is exploiting vulnerabilities or misconfigurations in devices such as UTM or VPN equipment to infiltrate internal networks. Attackers who have penetrated the internal network use techniques such as port scanning to identify accessible terminals and servers.

It is challenging to prevent infiltration through route-based countermeasures, as attackers legitimately establish routes to terminals and servers. Vulnerabilities refer to states where security is compromised due to design flaws or program bugs in operating systems or software. When vulnerabilities are discovered, program providers may release patches.

However, there are cases where vulnerabilities are left unaddressed due to difficulties such as “difficulty stopping server operations,” “lack of IT personnel,” or “attacks occurring before corrective programs are provided.” Therefore, it is common for servers to be attacked by exploiting unaddressed vulnerabilities. While regular application of security patches and daily operations are essential for server safety, when selecting server security products, it is essential to consider products from the perspective of “access control,” “tampering prevention,” and “prevention of exploiting vulnerabilities.” Introducing products that automatically detect unauthorized access and prevent unexpected processes initiated on the server can alleviate the burden on IT personnel.

Other Information on Server Security

1. Examples of Attack Damage on Servers

Examples of damage caused by attacks on servers include:

• Encryption, data theft, and information leakage of confidential information stored on servers
• Destruction of databases stored on servers
• Unauthorized access and tampering of corporate websites
• Server downtime due to attacks on websites

2. Methods to Counter Cyber Attacks

Vulnerabilities present in operating systems and software can be the cause of cyber attacks. When corrective programs are released, applying them promptly is necessary to eliminate vulnerabilities.

Attention must also be paid to unsupported operating systems, as they do not receive patches for newly discovered vulnerabilities. Exploiting vulnerabilities allows attackers to easily gain unauthorized access to servers.

Additionally, preparing regular backups to mitigate the impact of data destruction and considering data protection measures such as database encryption in the event of information leakage is crucial. Strengthening security to prevent threats to servers that support business operations is essential.

What Is a Printer?

A Printer is a device used in various manufacturing lines to print information such as production numbers and manufacturing dates on products, containers, and outer boxes. It is a printer with a separate body and printing head.

Products manufactured in factories, including their outer boxes and containers, have printed information specific to the product. This includes manufacturing dates, production lot numbers, and, in the case of food products, expiration dates. Printers are used to print this short information. The compact printing head is shaped separately from the body, allowing it to be brought close to products, containers, or outer boxes of various shapes and sizes for printing.

Printing methods include inkjet, thermal transfer, and laser. Additionally, mechanical devices that mechanically print characters or symbols, such as typewriters or machines that transcribe Morse code onto paper, are also referred to as printers.

Uses of Printers

In the final stages of production in factories, essential information related to the product, such as manufacturing dates, production lot numbers, and manufacturing locations, is printed on the product itself or in individual containers or outer boxes. The content varies, but for food products, it always includes expiration or best-before dates.

This information is used for quality control by revealing the product’s identity. For example, if defective products are found in products that have entered the market, measures such as recalling products with the same lot number are taken.

For example, in beverages such as milk packaged in paper packs, specific dates are printed by the printer near the top, along with “best before” printed horizontally. In bagged foods or confectionery, expiration dates are printed somewhere on the printed label.

Information to trace products is also printed on non-food products. In such cases, the information may be easily understood by anyone, or, in other cases, encrypted strings or barcodes may be printed.

Today, printers are used widely in various manufacturing fields for individual product-specific information. Therefore, printers are used extensively in areas related to daily life, such as food, bottled water, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and toiletries, as well as in industrial equipment fields like electronic components and automotive parts.

Principles of Printers

Printers receive electrical signals sent from computers and draw characters or shapes on the surface of objects. This is no different from general office printers.

Since the target is products, containers, or outer boxes flowing through the production line, the printing head is separated from the body. The printing head and the body are connected by cables or tubes for sending ink. The printing head can be fixed near the printing area of the target product, or attached to a movable robot arm, allowing the printing head to be brought close to the printing area of the target product. In most manufacturing lines, this printing process is incorporated into the process as part of production and is carried out automatically.

The printing method is chosen based on the material and shape of the target object. While inkjet is the most commonly used printing method, thermal transfer, and laser methods are also employed. Since it differs from printing on flat paper, there is a slight distance between the printing head and the printing target.

It is worth noting that there are marking machines that serve the same purpose as industrial equipment. Laser markers, among others, are widely used, and these may also be included under the term “printer.”

Types of Printers

1. Inkjet Method

This is the most commonly used printing method. By selecting ink suitable for the material of the product or packaging material, it can be used on a wide range of target objects such as paper, cardboard, and vinyl. The printing head has a detached structure, equipped with a large-capacity ink tank, reducing the frequency of ink replenishment. This makes it suitable for use in manufacturing environments where a large number of products flow rapidly.

2. Thermal Transfer Method

Thermal printers use a thermal transfer ribbon applied to the target object, applying heat to perform printing. As it does not use ink or solvent, it is suitable for printing manufacturing dates and expiration dates on film used for food packaging.

3. Laser Method

Without using ink or ink labels, the laser method directs laser light at the target object, causing discoloration to achieve printing. This differs from the toner-based printing method used in office laser printers. The printing target includes paper, film, and various objects such as the body and cap of a PET bottle. Advantages include the absence of the need for ink replacement and the durability of printed characters.

What Is a Buzzer?

A Buzzer is a device or mechanism used for warnings and notifications.

Primarily employed to emit sound and attract attention, Buzzers are also available in products utilizing light or vibration. In cases of sudden emergencies or dangerous situations, Buzzers can effectively and rapidly alert people. Quick responses are crucial in emergencies, and Buzzers play a significant role in achieving this.

Furthermore, Buzzers can convey information without the need for complex language or text. Especially when using sound or light, Buzzers provide both visual and auditory information, serving as an easily understandable means of notification. Due to their typically high volume and accompanied light, they are less likely to be overlooked, making them ideal for drawing the attention of large crowds.

However, Buzzers with high frequencies or loud volumes may potentially cause surrounding noise, especially in quiet environments or residential areas. Therefore, attention must be given to choosing an appropriate volume and frequency of use.

Uses of Buzzers

Common applications of Buzzers include the following:

1. Emergency Alerts

Fire alarms detect smoke or heat during a fire and emit high-pitched Buzzer sounds to warn residents and occupants of the building. These are commonly used in conjunction with smoke detectors and heat sensors. Additionally, abnormal situations such as unauthorized entry or theft in a room or building can trigger warnings through means like noise or flashing lights. Sensors detect anomalies and activate alarms.

2. Sports

In basketball games, Buzzers are used to notify the end of the game or the expiration of the attack time limit. Buzzers are also frequently used for announcements in sports like baseball.

3. Industrial and Manufacturing

In production lines and factory settings, Buzzers are used to indicate the start or completion of specific tasks. Workers can proceed to the next step by hearing the Buzzer sound. This helps reduce workload and streamline processes. Buzzers are also used to detect abnormalities in machinery and equipment, issuing warnings to operators. Automatic alerts for abnormal situations enable early troubleshooting of production issues.

Principles of Buzzers

Buzzers are electronic devices that generate sound through the interaction of resonance and vibration. The basic structure of a Buzzer consists of a vibrating element and a driving circuit.

The vibrating element is usually a thin metal or plastic plate, selected to effectively transmit sound waves. When driven, this element vibrates, creating sound waves in the air. The driving circuit controls the current that induces vibration in the vibrating element. This circuit receives a current of the appropriate frequency to generate consistent vibrations, often utilizing an oscillator circuit to generate a steady oscillation.

The driving frequency and the material of the vibrating element influence the characteristics of the sound produced. By utilizing the interaction between the vibrating element and the driving circuit, Buzzers can generate various sounds.

How to Choose a Buzzer

When selecting a Buzzer, several important factors should be considered:

1. Technology, Structure, and Comparison

There are Piezo Buzzers and Magnetic Buzzers for acoustic applications. Although they serve the same purpose, there are some differences.

Magnetic Buzzers consist of a magnet and coil and operate through electromagnetic induction.

Piezo Buzzers use a capacitive disc (piezoelectric ceramic) that undergoes mechanical strain when voltage is applied.

2. Driving Circuit

Buzzers can be Indicator Buzzers with built-in driving circuits or Transducer Buzzers that operate externally. Indicator Buzzers offer plug-and-play functionality, while Transducer Buzzers allow the setting of the emitted frequency and are smaller in size due to the absence of a driving circuit.

3. Rated Voltage

Buzzers operate within a specific voltage range. It is crucial to select the rated voltage that matches the power source and driving circuit voltage. Exceeding the rated voltage may lead to degradation and affect proper operation.

4. Mounting Method

Various mounting methods, such as surface mount or through-hole mount, are available. Choosing the appropriate mounting method based on the substrate and application is essential.

5. Shape

The shape of the Buzzer should be chosen to fit the application and installation space. Selecting a shape suitable for the installation location and aesthetic design is crucial.

6. Sound Pressure Level (SPL)

The sound pressure level of a Buzzer indicates the volume of the emitted sound. Depending on the environment and application, a high sound pressure level may be required. SPL is measured in decibels (dB), where a larger value indicates a louder sound.

What Is a Cap Seal?

A Cap Seal, also known as a cap liner, refers to a seal attached to the cap of a product container or bottle.

Commonly used for purposes such as maintaining product quality, ensuring safety, preventing theft, and counterfeit prevention, a Cap Seal helps indicate if it has been damaged, signaling that the product has been opened. Proper attachment of the seal is crucial for quality control, as incorrect sealing may lead to product deterioration.

Cap Seals are typically made of materials like plastic or aluminum. Some may have information such as the manufacturer’s logo, brand name, production date, and quality assurance details printed on them. In certain products, specially designed seals made of unique materials are used to prevent unauthorized opening by tearing or deforming upon opening.

Uses of Cap Seals

The applications of Cap Seals include the following:

1. Ensuring Quality Maintenance and Safety

Cap Seals used on the lids of products such as beverages, food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics help maintain product quality and prevent external contamination and deterioration. An intact seal assures consumers that the product is unopened, contributing to safety.

2. Theft Prevention

High-value or valuable items may use Cap Seals to indicate that the seal is intact. This confirms that the product follows the legitimate distribution channel, preventing theft and unauthorized transactions.

3. Counterfeit Prevention

Cap Seals with printed logos or brand names aid in identifying genuine products, preventing the circulation of counterfeit items.

4. Tamper Detection

Some products have Cap Seals designed to tear or deform upon opening, facilitating the visual detection of unauthorized opening.

5. Providing Quality Assurance Information

Cap Seals may include printed information such as the manufacturing date, expiration date, and quality assurance details, offering consumers information about the product’s shelf life and quality. This contributes to quality control, safety assurance, and maintaining consumer trust.

Principles of Cap Seals

The purpose of Cap Seals is to ensure that the seal attached to the product’s lid adheres closely to the junction of the lid and the container, indicating that the product is unopened and free from external interference. Cap Seals serve various purposes, including product quality management, safety assurance, theft and counterfeit prevention, and providing information to consumers. The main principles of Cap Seals are explained below:

1. Adhesion

The material of Cap Seals is flexible, ensuring a secure attachment to the junction of the lid and the container. This creates a physical barrier indicating the opening of the product.

2. Irreversibility

Some Cap Seals are designed to be irreversible, making it difficult to reseal them after opening. This design indicates that the product has been opened.

3. Providing Quality Assurance Information

Cap Seals include information such as the manufacturing date, expiration date, and quality management details. This information is essential for consumers to verify product quality and safety.

4. Counterfeit Prevention

Logos and brand names printed on Cap Seals aid in identifying genuine products, as counterfeiting these seals is challenging. This contributes to preventing counterfeit products from entering the market.

5. Tamper Detection

Certain Cap Seals are designed to break or deform upon opening. This visual indication helps distinguish between unopened and opened products, contributing to tamper detection.

Types of Cap Seals

Various types of Cap Seals include:

1. Induction Seal

An Induction Seal is a type of seal that adheres through the application of heat. It consists of aluminum foil or plastic film with a sealing layer, which adheres to the container’s mouth when the lid is attached. This ensures that the product is unopened and is commonly used in beverages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

2. Snap Cap Seal

A Snap Cap Seal has a seal attached to the inside of the lid, which adheres to the container’s mouth when the lid is closed. It is commonly used in beverage and food containers, tearing upon opening to indicate that the product has been opened.

3. Shrink Band

A Shrink Band involves wrapping heat-shrinkable plastic film around the lid’s perimeter to create a seal. Heating causes the film to shrink, integrating the lid with the container. It is commonly used in beverages, condiments, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics to prevent external interference.

4. Printed Cap Seal

A Printed Cap Seal includes printed information that remains unreadable until the seal is opened. This type is used to provide information such as quality assurance, promotions, and consumer information.

5. Chilledproof Seal

A Chilledproof Seal is designed for refrigerated or frozen storage. It is resistant to low temperatures and assists in maintaining product quality in refrigerators or freezers.

6. Lift Seal

A Lift Seal has multiple layers, and peeling off the seal reveals a paper strip with product information and instructions. It is used in products like pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

What Is a CT Scan?

A CT scan or Computed Tomography (CT) examination refers to a diagnostic procedure that utilizes X-rays.

Following the discovery of X-rays by the German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895, the utility of X-ray imaging was recognized in various industries. Currently, X-ray imaging (referred to as X-ray inspection) is widely employed in diverse fields.

In industrial applications, X-ray inspections are primarily categorized into two types: transmission inspections and CT scans.

Transmission inspections follow the same principles as conventional X-ray examinations conducted in hospitals, capturing two-dimensional images by detecting X-rays that have been attenuated based on the material, density, and thickness of the transmitting substance using a film or detector on the receiving surface.

On the other hand, Computed Tomography, or CT scan, involves capturing multiple transmission images around 360° and utilizing computer-based reconstruction calculations to generate cross-sectional images and three-dimensional models of the subject. It is a digital X-ray inspection method.

The reconstructed 3D images allow observation of the subject’s interior at any cross-section, facilitating tasks such as defect and foreign object detection within products and measurement of material thickness. Additionally, the obtained 3D models can be output as data, enabling comparisons with Computer-Aided Design (CAD) data and utilization in reverse engineering.

Uses of CT Scan

In the industrial sector, CT scans (Computed Tomography) serve as a widely used non-destructive testing (NDT) method for quality control and product development.

Industries such as automotive, aerospace, energy, and electronics manufacturing use CT scans for tasks like detecting internal defects in cast components and welded parts, inspecting foreign objects within products, and measuring the geometrical dimensions of assembled components.

In manufacturing, CT scans play a crucial role in product development and quality control, contributing to design verification, prototype evaluation, and investigations into the durability and reliability of products.

Principles of CT Scan

CT scans utilize X-rays, also known as ionizing radiation.

X-rays, having a very short wavelength and high energy, can penetrate objects. However, during the transmission through objects, they collide with electrons orbiting around atomic structures, causing attenuation. Materials with high density, such as metals, exhibit a high attenuation rate, whereas materials with low density, like air or plastic, show a lower attenuation rate.

The basic principle of X-ray inspection lies in the detection of attenuated X-rays based on the material, density, and thickness of the transmitting subject. CT scans extend this principle by applying computer-based calculations to reconstruct three-dimensional physical distributions of the subject using multiple transmitted information (projection data, transmission images).

While conventional X-ray inspections produce 2D images, CT scans leverage multiple transmission data for the calculation of image reconstruction, enabling the acquisition of 3D information about the subject.

When obtaining CT scan images, it is essential to consider both hardware and reconstruction algorithms. The configuration and reconstruction algorithm of the hardware can vary based on the method of acquiring image data, impacting the time required for obtaining a single set of data compared to traditional X-ray inspections.

Structure of CT Scan

The components of an X-ray CT device include the following three main elements:

• X-ray Tube (and High-Voltage Generator)
• Detector
• Drive System Hardware, such as Rotation Stages

1. X-ray Tube (and High-Voltage Generator)

The X-ray tube comes in various types depending on the required output dose. For industrial X-ray applications, there are mini-focus X-ray tubes with a focal size of several millimeters suitable for large parts in X-ray CT. Conversely, micro-focus X-ray tubes with micron-level focal sizes and nano-focus X-ray tubes with extremely small foci in the nanometer range are suitable for X-ray CT of small products, such as semiconductor and chip components. The choice depends on the output energy and the imaging requirements.

2. Detector

Various types of detectors exist, but in industrial X-ray CT, Line Detector Array (LDA) sensors and Flat Panel Detector (FPD) sensors are commonly used. LDA sensors, consisting of linearly arranged elements, capture only slice images. While they produce low-noise images less affected by scattered radiation, capturing the entire subject requires capturing multiple-slice images, making it time-consuming for whole-scan applications.

FPD sensors, on the other hand, feature elements arranged planarly, capturing a wide area in a single scan. While allowing quick scans compared to LDA sensors, they are more susceptible to scattered radiation, resulting in slightly noisier images.

3. Drive System Hardware

In X-ray CT, the drive system hardware for rotating the subject is indispensable. By rotating the subject 360° while irradiating it with X-rays and detecting transmission information, X-ray CT images are obtained. The precision of the drive system significantly influences the accuracy of CT images and the level of noise. Additionally, the drive speed affects the capture time, making the hardware crucial in X-ray CT.

Other Information on CT Scan

1. Trends in CT Scan

In recent years, with advancements in CT scans, smaller focal points of X-ray sources have enabled the creation of even higher-resolution CT scan images. The availability of detailed CT scan images, coupled with the reduction in computation time for reconstruction due to improved processing capabilities, has led to diverse applications across various fields.

Innovative applications include evaluating and structurally analyzing prototypes of batteries installed in hybrid and electric vehicles. There is also an increasing number of cases involving detailed analysis and troubleshooting of electronic circuit boards using micro-focus X-ray CT and nano-focus X-ray CT.

The visualization of internal structures has led to the non-destructive testing of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP) and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP). CT scans have become valuable in these cases, where, previously, inspections were performed by destroying products to analyze the orientation of glass or carbon fibers.

2. Reverse Engineering

In reverse engineering applications, CT scan images serve as a basis for creating 3D data from CT scan images for tools such as CAD. Comparing design data with the actual shape and dimensions of products aids in product design changes and process improvements. The ability to construct CAD data from CT scan images allows for compatibility with 3D printers, enabling the realization of product shapes using 3D printers, especially for products without design blueprints.

Moreover, CT scans are applied in fields previously untouched, such as analyzing the foam structure of materials like sponges and foam urethane, scanning the interiors of Buddhist statues in archaeology, and digitizing the skeletons of living organisms, including fish.

3. Workflow of CT Scan

CT scans typically involve the steps of imaging, evaluation, and analysis.

What Is Thermal Spraying?

Thermal spraying is a method of melting and heating materials using high-temperature plasma or flame and spraying them onto the surface of a substrate.

Through this technique, protective and strengthening layers are formed on the surface of the substrate, enhancing the wear resistance of mechanical components and industrial products, and ultimately extending their durability and lifespan. The formation of corrosion-resistant coatings also protects against chemical corrosion. Moreover, it allows for precise control and efficient, economical coating application, as coatings can be selectively applied to specific areas.

However, effective substrate preparation is crucial for coating formation on the substrate surface. Insufficient cleaning or pretreatment of the surface may lead to reduced adhesion and lower coating quality.

Uses of Thermal Spraying

Thermal spraying finds widespread application across various industrial fields due to its diverse advantages.

1. Improved Wear Resistance of Mechanical Components

Internal combustion engines often experience wear-related degradation of components such as pistons and cylinders. By applying thermal spraying technology, it is possible to extend the lifespan of these components by coating their surfaces with wear-resistant coatings.

Moreover, coatings are often applied to bearings used in the rotating and moving parts of mechanical components to enhance wear resistance. This leads to an extended bearing lifespan and longer maintenance intervals.

2. Repair

By repairing the surfaces of worn-out parts or equipment with thermal spray coatings, it becomes economically viable to address the issue compared to purchasing new parts. Repairing aged or damaged components for reuse results in cost savings. Thermal spraying is frequently employed for repairs, especially in cases where the fit of components in large, aging motors has deteriorated.

3. Improved Corrosion Resistance

Coatings with corrosion resistance are applied to components and equipment exposed to corrosion and erosion in environments such as chemical plants or seawater. This helps extend the lifespan of components and reduces the frequency of maintenance.

Principles of Thermal Spraying

Thermal spraying involves melting and heating materials using high-temperature plasma or flame and then forming coatings by spraying the melted particles onto the surface of the substrate.

Materials used are often provided in the form of powder or wire. These materials are heated to high temperatures using a special heat source, causing them to melt. The melted materials transition to a liquid or molten state.

The molten materials are accelerated by a high-speed gas flow generated by plasma or flame and sprayed toward the surface of the substrate. This mechanism involves the spray-coated materials adhering to the substrate surface. The sprayed and melted materials are rapidly cooled on the substrate surface, solidifying and adhering as a coating. The thickness of the coating can be adjusted based on conditions such as the amount of sprayed material and time.

Types of Thermal Spraying

There are several major types of thermal spraying, each differing based on the heat source used and the state of the material being sprayed. The following are representative types of thermal spraying:

1. Plasma Spraying

Plasma spraying involves ionizing gas using high-frequency energy, creating plasma to melt and heat materials. The melted material is sprayed onto the substrate using high-speed plasma gas. This method is mainly used for coating metals and ceramic materials.

2. High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) Process

HVOF involves mixing high-pressure oxygen and fuel gas to generate combustion, producing high-speed flames. The melted material is sprayed onto the substrate using these high-speed flames. This process forms coatings with strong adhesion, exhibiting excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance.

3. High-Velocity Air Fuel (HVAF) Process

HVAF involves mixing high-pressure air and fuel to generate high-speed flames, which are used to spray melted material onto the substrate. It allows for coating formation at lower temperatures compared to HVOF. Notable features include high adhesion and coating quality.

What Is a Ceramic Coating?

Ceramic Coating is a technique that utilizes ceramics to protect the surface of a target object.

Primarily applied to surfaces such as automobiles and household items, this special coating enhances durability and gloss. It provides long-lasting protection to the surface of the target object, surpassing the durability of regular wax or polymer shields. The coating shields the surface from chemicals and acid rain, preventing degradation and corrosion.

Moreover, its high water repellency makes it resistant to water droplets and dirt during rain or washing. This makes car washing and maintenance easier. However, due to the need for specialized applications, self-application can be challenging, underscoring the importance of relying on trustworthy professionals or specialized shops.

Uses of Ceramic Coating

Ceramic coatings are used in a variety of applications due to their durability and protective effects.

1. Automobiles

Ceramic coating for automobiles is commonly applied to both the exterior and interior surfaces. It is a liquid product applied to the car’s painted surface, enhancing durability while protecting the surface from scratches and dirt. This ensures the preservation of the car’s aesthetics over an extended period, reducing the frequency of car washes. Vehicles treated with ceramic coating exhibit a glossy finish and water-beading characteristics.

2. Two-Wheelers

Similar to automobiles, ceramic coating is applied to the exterior and frames of motorcycles and bicycles. This enhances durability and aesthetics, crucial for items prone to degradation from external elements. The glossy finish enhances the visual appeal of these vehicles.

3. Household Items

Kitchenware, bathroom items, tables, and other household items benefit from ceramic coating, protecting them from scratches and dirt. This includes items like frying pans and cooking utensils. This not only extends the lifespan of household items but also maintains a beautiful appearance.

Principles of Ceramic Coating

The principle of ceramic coating lies in the inclusion of fine particles of hard materials in the liquid coating agent, forming a uniform protective layer on the surface of the target object. This protective layer chemically bonds, providing a hard and durable characteristic.

The components form a chemical bond with the surface of the target object, allowing the coating to adhere to the surface and create a robust protective layer. This bonding is a key factor contributing to its high durability.

Additionally, the high water repellency prevents water droplets and dirt from adhering to the surface, maintaining cleanliness and reducing the accumulation of dirt and water spots. Ceramic coating exhibits resistance to chemicals, acid rain, etc., protecting the surface from corrosion and deterioration. The uniform protective layer on the surface results in a smooth finish and a high gloss.

Types of Ceramic Coating

Types of ceramic coating are primarily distinguished by the composition and characteristics of the coating agent.

1. Silica-Based Coating

The silica-based ceramic coating utilizes silicon dioxide (silica) as its main component. Silica is exceptionally hard and durable, commonly used to protect surfaces. It exhibits water-repelling properties, enhancing surface gloss.

2. Silicon Carbide (SiC) Coating

Silicon carbide coating consists of a ceramic coating compound made from silicon and carbon. Silicon carbide is highly durable and offers excellent wear resistance. It is often used in high-temperature and high-stress environments.

3. Diamond Coating

Diamond coating is a ceramic coating with carbon as its main component. Diamonds are extremely hard, offering superior wear resistance and high protective effects. It is commonly used in the painting of luxury and high-performance cars.

What Is a Wireless LAN?

Wireless LAN refers to the technology that enables multiple computers and mobile devices to wirelessly connect on a Local Area Network (LAN).

Similar to wired LAN, it divides data into small packets for transmission and reception. Unlike wired LAN, it utilizes radio waves for communication, eliminating the need for cables.

Uses of Wireless LAN

Wireless LAN finds applications in various scenarios, including:

1. Internet Connectivity

It is utilized in homes, offices, or situations where wired connections are impractical, allowing the use of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.

2. Long-Distance Communication

Deployed in environments where laying LAN cables between buildings or in challenging areas is difficult.

3. Mobile Communications

Enables wireless connections between moving objects (trains, cars) and ground stations, facilitating systems for information gathering, commands, and instructions.

4. Public Wireless LAN

Utilized in public facilities, commercial spaces, parks, etc., offering public wireless LAN access. This allows internet connectivity and email access on the go.

Principles of Wireless LAN

Wireless LAN operates by using frequency bands specified in the 802.11 standard, such as 2.4GHz and 5GHz. The data transmitted by the wireless LAN chipset is amplified by antennas for long-distance communication. However, sending data as radio waves without modulation would make it accessible to anyone, posing a security risk. To address this, transmitted data is modulated during signal transmission and then propagated as radio waves, ensuring secure data communication that is less prone to interception.

Due to potential interference from surrounding noise and signals, error correction techniques such as Forward Error Correction (FEC) are often employed in wireless communication to detect and correct errors.

Wireless LAN communication modes include “Ad-Hoc Mode” and “Infrastructure Mode.” Ad-Hoc Mode allows direct communication between multiple devices, while Infrastructure Mode enables communication through an access point.

Types of Wireless LAN

Wireless LAN is defined by the IEEE 802.11 standard of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers of America, and there are multiple methods using different frequency bands. Typical methods include IEEE802.11b/g/n/ax, which uses the 2.4GHz band, and IEEE802.11a/j/n/ac/ax, which uses the 5GHz band. (n/ax supports both 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands).

Although the 2.4GHz band is resistant to obstacles and can be used outdoors, it has the disadvantage that it is a commonly used frequency band and has many sources of radio wave interference. On the other hand, the 5GHz band has few sources of radio wave interference, but due to its high frequency, it is vulnerable to obstacles, and communication must be temporarily suspended due to the DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection) function that prioritizes aviation weather radar and air traffic control radar in the same band. may not be possible.

How to Choose Wireless LAN

When selecting industrial wireless LAN for applications demanding high reliability and robustness, attention should be given to:

1. Robustness

Choose robust wireless LAN devices suitable for environments like factories or warehouses, where equipment may be exposed to vibration and shocks.

2. High Reliability

In industrial settings, where equipment failures and radio interference may occur, opt for wireless LAN devices with high reliability.

3. High Data Transfer Capacity

For environments like factories requiring large data transfers, select wireless LAN devices capable of high-speed and high-capacity data transfers, suitable for the specific environment.

4. Availability

Ensure that the chosen wireless LAN devices are available for an extended period, providing long-term stability to the system.

5. Maintenance

Consider the ease of maintenance, especially in situations where quick recovery from equipment failure is crucial to prevent significant losses in production.

6. Scalability

Select wireless LAN devices with high scalability, allowing flexible and adaptable network expansion in different environments.

Other Information on Wireless LAN

1. Advancements in Wireless LAN

Until now, wireless LAN has been considered slower in communication speed compared to wired LAN. However, starting from IEEE802.11n, the speed has begun to improve, surpassing not only wired LAN but achieving communication speeds higher than wired LAN. Wi-Fi, as defined by 802.11, continues to progress, significantly enhancing communication bandwidth as shown below:

• 802.11n – 600Mbps (Wi-Fi 4)
• 802.11ac – 6.9Gbps (Wi-Fi 5)
• 802.11ax – 9.6Gbps (Wi-Fi 6)

The improvement in communication performance in Wi-Fi is not dependent on CPU performance, such as in personal computers. Instead, it is achieved through advancements in various mechanisms, including:

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

Traditional modulation used OFDM, where uniform subcarriers were assigned individually, leading to inefficiencies in networks with diverse communications. OFDMA allocates resources per user, assigning the most efficient subcarrier to each user, contributing to better propagation efficiency. This individual assignment of subcarriers makes bandwidth usage more efficient, reducing latency.

QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

QAM is a digital modulation method that varies the amplitude and modulation of the carrier to transmit signals. While 802.11n used 64QAM, and it was believed at the time that more complex modulation wouldn’t be necessary, 802.11ac adopted 256QAM. With further advancements in 802.11ax, 1024QAM has been introduced. This enhances the data amount sent per transmission from 64QAM (6 bits) to 1024QAM (10 bits), becoming a crucial factor in improving communication bandwidth in Wi-Fi 6. Additional updates include MU-MIMO, power consumption reduction, and enhanced security features like WPA3, among others.

2. Devices Used in Wireless LAN

Wireless LAN Router

A wireless LAN router is a device used for connecting terminals utilizing a wireless LAN and connecting them to a wired LAN. It is mainly responsible for internet connection and network configuration.

Wireless LAN Access Point (AP)

Serving as a base station for connecting to a wireless LAN router, the wireless LAN access point (AP) plays the role of a base station for wireless LAN connections. APs have the functionality to connect wired and wireless LANs. Some products integrate AP functionality into wireless LAN routers, allowing versatile usage. When using wireless LAN in environments like factories or warehouses, where signals need to be transmitted over a wide range, products with higher transmission power and faster communication speeds capable of simultaneous connections to numerous devices are essential.

Wireless LAN Client

A wireless LAN client is a device connected to a wireless AP, enabling the wirelessization of a wired network. By establishing a relationship where a wireless LAN AP serves as the parent and a wireless LAN client as the child, one route becomes wireless.

Additionally, connecting a wireless LAN client to devices without built-in wireless functionality allows for easy wireless integration. While certain limitations may prevent straightforward wirelessization, industrial wireless LAN clients often feature functions to overcome such restrictions. These devices are indispensable for utilizing wireless LAN comfortably, requiring appropriate selection, installation, and configuration.

What Is an Access Control System?

An Access Control System is a system designed to prevent unauthorized individuals from entering facilities accessible only to specific personnel. Additionally, it manages the entry and exit records of individuals who have accessed the premises.

These systems are commonly installed at entrances to facilities such as factories, research institutes, power plants, office building entrances, entrances to company offices within buildings, and commercial establishments like stores. Furthermore, they are individually placed at entrances to rooms where entry and exit restrictions are applied or where records of entrants need to be maintained within factories or offices.

Typically, these systems comprise door locks to restrict access, authentication systems to identify entrants and software to manage the entry and exit history of individuals.

Authentication systems commonly use cards or keys with recorded IDs, but systems employing biometric authentication methods like facial recognition, iris recognition, or fingerprint recognition are also prevalent.

Uses of Access Control System

The Access Control System serves various purposes, contributing to both facility security and efficient facility operations:

1. Security System

In its role as a security system, the Access Control System prevents unauthorized entry into facilities, records the names and entry/exit times of entrants, and maintains the safety of the premises. This helps prevent the unauthorized removal of confidential information or equipment.

In such cases, secured doors or gates are installed at facility entrances, and only those with the corresponding items, allowing them legitimate access, can enter. Security systems such as intrusion sensors, surveillance cameras, and automatic reporting systems are often integrated to address attempts at illegal entry.

2. Management System

The Access Control System, acting as a management system contributing to efficient facility operations, is employed in places like membership-based stores. It accumulates information about the entry and exit of people visiting the facility, providing valuable data for optimizing staffing levels, merchandise selection, and facility enhancements based on each day and time.

This information is utilized by facilities such as fitness clubs, golf courses, and resorts to send emails at appropriate times, aiding in marketing activities.

3. Entry and Exit Management System

In corporate offices or factory entry and exit management systems, integration with attendance management systems allows for tracking employees’ attendance. During events like the spread of the COVID-19 virus, the information from the Access Control System can be utilized to identify individuals who were present in the facility simultaneously with an infected person, facilitating contact tracing.

Principles of Access Control System

Firstly, the system registers profiles in a database containing the names, affiliations, and contact information of individuals authorized to enter. In facilities where access to rooms or areas is categorized, information associating individuals with permitted access areas needs to be registered.

In facilities where the Access Control System operates, locked doors or gates corresponding to access permissions are installed at entrances. Keys issued to authorized individuals include magnetic cards or IC cards with recorded IDs. Alternatively, biometric authentication methods like face recognition, iris recognition, fingerprint recognition, or using dedicated software and authentication information stored on smartphones as keys are also employed.

Authentication requires ensuring that keys are not forged and that there are no authentication failures. Systems utilizing biometric authentication particularly demand precision in the authentication process.

Access Control Systems may need to manage multiple entrances or facilities remotely. In such cases, a system compatible with wide-area networks is required, which could involve operating proprietary servers or using cloud systems. In either case, security management is crucial.

How to Choose an Access Control System

When selecting an Access Control System, ease of operation, reliability, integration with attendance management and customer management systems, as well as responsiveness during power outages, malfunctions, and emergencies should be considered.

This system becomes critical to everyone entering and exiting once operational. Choosing a highly reliable system is essential, as any malfunction or false operation of keys or authentication systems will require immediate attention. Additionally, considering the ease of registration and deletion of authorized entrants is important since these tasks will be ongoing while the Access Control System is operational.

Furthermore, when using information obtained from the Access Control System in attendance management or customer management systems, it is important to consider the ease of data integration between both systems.

Contemplating how to respond to malfunctions, power outages, or damage to related equipment due to events such as earthquakes or fires is crucial. This becomes especially significant for facility entrances in remote locations where facility managers are not nearby, 24-hour operational offices, factories, warehouses, or facilities requiring immediate response during emergencies.

What Is a Layer 3 Switch?

A Layer 3 Switch, also known as an L3 switch, is a device that encompasses functionalities of both the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) and the Network Layer (Layer 3).

Often referred to as L3 switches, these devices facilitate communication in computer networks using both the Data Link Layer, which utilizes MAC addresses, and the Network Layer, which uses IP addresses. Layer 3 switches can combine the characteristics of both layers to enable efficient communication.

Equipped with routing capabilities that allow communication between different subnets or networks, Layer 3 switches can efficiently connect multiple networks, enhancing communication control and security. However, due to their routing capabilities, configuration and management can become complex, requiring specialized knowledge for proper handling.

Uses of Layer 3 Switch

Layer 3 switches prove useful in various applications, including:

1. VLAN Inter-Routing

Layer 3 switches support multiple VLANs, allowing control of communication between different VLANs. VLANs refer to logically grouped sets of devices in a physical network. For example, it is possible to group devices within the same office into one VLAN and devices in different offices into separate VLANs.

By enabling communication between devices belonging to multiple VLANs, networks can be logically segmented, enhancing communication control and network security. Additionally, allowing communication between different VLANs optimizes network bandwidth usage more efficiently.

2. Inter-Subnet Routing

Layer 3 switches can route communication between different subnets, ensuring efficient control and management of communication in large-scale network environments with multiple subnets.

3. Virtual Private Networks (VPN)

Layer 3 switches are frequently used to configure VPNs. VPNs are security technologies that establish private communication channels over the Internet. They are used to allow remote users to access resources within an office or facilitate secure communication between branch offices.

Principles of Layer 3 Switch

The principle of a Layer 3 switch involves combining the functionalities of the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) and the Network Layer (Layer 3) to achieve packet forwarding and routing.

At the Data Link Layer, the switch learns the MAC addresses of communicating devices. This is accomplished by associating the source MAC address within the frame and its corresponding port every time a frame is transmitted to the switch. The MAC address table enables the switch to determine which port to forward the frame to based on the destination MAC address.

Additionally, the switch learns the IP addresses of devices on the network for routing purposes. Layer 3 switches learn the IP addresses of devices connected to each port and construct an IP address table.

When a packet arrives at the Layer 3 switch, it first references the MAC address table at the Data Link Layer. Subsequently, it forwards the frame to the appropriate port based on the destination MAC address. It then references the IP address table at the Network Layer, identifying the network to which the destination IP address belongs.

How to Choose a Layer 3 Switch

When selecting a Layer 3 switch, it is crucial to choose equipment that aligns with the network’s requirements and objectives. Here are key points to consider when choosing a Layer 3 switch:

1. Network Scale

Consider the size of the network and verify the required number of ports and interfaces. It is essential to consider future scalability. In large-scale network environments, switches with high port counts and multiple expansion slots may be necessary.

2. Protocols

If routing between networks is necessary, confirm which routing protocols the switch supports. Selecting a switch that supports protocols compatible with dynamic routing is crucial if dynamic routing is required.

3. Security

Security features such as access control lists (ACLs) and port security are crucial for enhancing network security. Confirm whether the switch supports these security features based on your requirements.

4. Reliability

To choose reliable network equipment, select products from reputable vendors and verify the quality of support. Access to proper support is a critical factor for long-term network operation.