月: 2023年4月

What Is Fluorescein?

Fluorescein, with the chemical formula C20H12O5 and a molecular weight of 332.31, is a yellowish-red powder. Synthesized by Adolph von Beyer in 1871, it’s insoluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. This fluorescent dye is known for its bright green fluorescence, making it a valuable tool in various fields.

Uses of Fluorescein

• Bioscience: Used in fluorescence microscopy and cell biology to track the position and movement of objects.
• Medical Diagnostics: Helps detect pathogens and genetic mutations, and is used in angiography in ophthalmology.
• Analytical Chemistry: Employed as chemical sensors and in detecting ammonia in water sources.

Properties of Fluorescein

Fluorescein is highly sensitive to light, with its fluorescence intensity being highest in the pH range of 7-9. It’s stable to acids and bases but degrades under prolonged light exposure, requiring light shielding during use and storage.

Structure of Fluorescein

Fluorescein, a xanthene skeleton-based organic compound, exhibits unique optical properties due to its conjugated pi-electron system. It contains hydroxyl groups at the 3- and 6-positions, influencing its water solubility and pH-dependent fluorescence intensity changes.

Other Information on Fluorescein

How Fluorescein Is Produced

Fluorescein synthesis involves reactions like the Friedel-Crafts reaction, using phthalin and resorcinol, and the Wittig Reaction with iodomethane and triphenylphosphine.

What Is Iron Fluoride?

Iron fluoride includes several compounds of iron, including iron(II) fluoride (FeF₂), iron(II, III) fluoride, and iron(III) fluoride (FeF₃), with iron(III) fluoride being the most commonly encountered. It is recognized as a skin corrosive and irritant under the GHS classification and is identified as a hazardous and toxic substance.

Uses of Iron Fluoride

Iron fluoride is utilized in ceramic and porcelain glazes, as a precursor for various catalysts, and in enhancing the corrosion resistance of metals like stainless steel through the formation of fluoride passive films. This application is particularly valuable in semiconductor manufacturing, where corrosive gases such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are prevalent.

Properties of Iron Fluoride

Anhydrous iron(III) fluoride appears as a white to green crystal or powder, with its hydrate form being pale pink. It boasts a melting point of over 1,000°C and exhibits insolubility in water but solubility in hydrofluoric acid upon heating. Known for its toxicity, iron(III) fluoride is a thermally robust antiferromagnetic solid with hygroscopic anhydrides and hydrates.

Structure of Iron Fluoride

Iron(III) fluoride, or iron trifluoride, features a molecular weight of 112.84 g/mol and a density of 3.52 g/cm³. It exists in α and β crystal forms, with the α-type forming at room temperature and the β-type at temperatures above 50°C. The α-type is unstable, transitioning to the β-type within days.

Other Information on Iron Fluoride

1. Synthesis of Iron(III) Fluoride

While pure iron(III) fluoride is not found as a mineral, a hydrated form known as topsøeite exists. It is synthesized by reacting iron chloride with hydrogen fluoride or by dissolving iron hydroxide in hydrofluoric acid and dehydrating the solution.

2. Properties of Iron(II) Fluoride

Iron(II) fluoride, a pale yellow crystal, transitions to iron(III) oxide upon heating in air. It exhibits slight water solubility and solubility in acids. Antiferromagnetic in nature, it forms through the reaction of iron with hydrogen fluoride and oxidizes in moist air to a hydrate of iron(III) fluoride.

3. Structure of Iron(II) Fluoride

Iron(II) fluoride, or iron bifluoride, with a molecular weight of 93.84 g/mol and a density of 4.09 g/cm³, forms light green tetrahydrate crystals that are insoluble in water but soluble in acid. Its octahydrate variant is used for passive fluoride coatings on steel, highlighting its toxicity.

What Is Hydrogen Fluoride?

Hydrogen fluoride is a colorless, fuming liquid with a pungent odor, consisting of a fluorine and a hydrogen atom. It is known for strong intermolecular interactions and forms dimers and polymers.

Properties of Hydrogen Fluoride

With a melting point of -119°F and a boiling point of 68°F, hydrogen fluoride is soluble in water and various organic solvents. It is a protic polar solvent, forming highly toxic and corrosive hydrofluoric acid when in aqueous solution.

Uses of Hydrogen Fluoride

Hydrogen fluoride is crucial in semiconductor manufacturing, production of fluorine compounds, glass etching, metal fluoridation, organic synthesis, and plating processes.

Other Information on Hydrogen Fluoride

1. Production Process

Produced by heating fluorite with sulfuric acid, hydrogen fluoride is also obtained by reacting fluorine with water or heating potassium hydrogen fluoride.

2. Interaction with Glass

Hydrogen fluoride reacts with silicic acid in glass, forming hexafluorosilicic acid and corroding glass surfaces.

3. Legal and Safety Aspects

Classified as a non-medicinal poison, hydrogen fluoride requires careful handling, including the use of protective gear and proper storage.

What Is Vinylidene Fluoride?

Vinylidene fluoride is a colorless gas at room temperature and pressure, with the chemical formula CH₂=CF₂ and an ethereal odor. This compound is explosive; when heated, it burns violently, releasing large amounts of toxic substances.

Polyvinylidene fluoride, created by polymerizing vinylidene fluoride, is a type of fluoropolymer known for its resistance to chemicals and acids, making it suitable for products requiring such resistance. It is classified as a hazardous substance, necessitating specific labeling and notification.

Uses of Vinylidene Fluoride

Vinylidene fluoride serves primarily as a precursor to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). PVDF is a milky white fluorinated resin with superior strength, workability, chemical resistance, high-temperature endurance, and acid resistance compared to other fluoropolymers. Its electrical properties make it ideal for semiconductor manufacturing equipment, food processing machinery, industrial machines, medical devices, and various components such as electrode binders in lithium-ion batteries, membrane materials, seals, and fishing lines.

PVDF membranes are employed in protein and amino acid analysis due to their affinity for amino acids and in sewage treatment and water purification for filtration purposes. Fluorocarbon fishing lines made from PVDF are valued for their durability, transparency, and low visibility underwater.

Molecular Structure of Vinylidene Fluoride

Vinylidene fluoride’s molecular structure features two hydrogen atoms replaced by fluorine atoms. It is a low molecular weight, monomeric compound capable of polymerization into high molecular weight chains. Similar monomers include tetrafluoroethylene (CF₂=CF₂) and vinyl fluoride (CH₂=CHF), leading to polymers like PVDF and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), respectively.

Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) is another polymer, produced exclusively from vinyl fluoride. Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CF₂=CClF) is noted as another related monomer.

Properties of Vinylidene Fluoride

Vinylidene fluoride exhibits high reactivity in polymerization, transforming into PVDF or copolymers when combined with other monomers. Known examples include vinylidene fluoride rubbers (FKM), which are copolymers with hexafluoropropylene and possibly tetrafluoroethylene, offering unique properties.

Other Information on Vinylidene Fluoride

Production Methods of Vinylidene Fluoride

Industrially, vinylidene fluoride is produced by fluorinating 1,1,1-trichloroethane to obtain 1,1-difluoro-1-chloroethane, followed by dehydrochlorination. The demand for fluoropolymers derived from vinylidene fluoride, crucial for semiconductor components and lithium-ion batteries, has recently surged, raising concerns about supply shortages.

What Is Cesium Fluoride?

Cesium fluoride is an inorganic compound, characterized by its combination of fluoride and cesium ions. It’s notable for its hygroscopic nature, with the CAS registration number 13400-13-0. This compound serves as a source of fluoride ions and acts as a base in various chemical reactions.

Cesium fluoride is identified as a hazardous substance requiring proper labeling and notification. Additionally, it’s classified as a Class I designated chemical substance..

Uses of Cesium Fluoride

In the field of chemistry, cesium fluoride is versatile, utilized as:

• A fluoride ion source in organofluorine chemistry.
• A base in organic synthesis, valued for its low nucleophilicity.
• A window plate in infrared spectroscopy for its infrared light transmission properties, aiding in the analytical method where the spectral analysis of reflected and transmitted light is crucial.

Properties of Cesium Fluoride

With a formula weight of 151.90, cesium fluoride boasts a melting point of 682°C and a boiling point of 1,251°C. It appears as a white solid or powder and is characterized by its density of 4.115 g/mL. Though hygroscopic, it can be dried by heating under reduced pressure. It dissolves in methanol and water but shows insolubility in dioxane and pyridine.

Types of Cesium Fluoride

Available as reagent products for R&D and industrial materials, cesium fluoride is sold in quantities suitable for laboratory use, such as 5g to 1kg, requiring refrigerated storage. For industrial applications, like flux raw materials and pharmaceutical intermediates, it’s sold in larger, commercial-use capacities.

Other Information on Cesium Fluoride

1. Synthesis of Cesium Fluoride

It can be synthesized by reacting hydrogen fluoride with cesium hydroxide or cesium carbonate, followed by water removal.

2. Chemical Reaction of Cesium Fluoride

Cesium fluoride is highly reactive, dissociating almost completely in non-aqueous solutions to provide a weakly basic solution. Its reactivity with silicon substituents and utility in desilylation reactions and deprotection of silyl ethers highlight its significance in organic synthesis.

3. Safety Information on Cesium Fluoride

While moderately toxic, cesium fluoride’s interaction with acids produces highly toxic hydrogen fluoride. Recommended storage is in a closed container within a refrigerator (2-10°C), avoiding high temperatures, direct sunlight, acids, and strong oxidizing agents to maintain stability.

What Is Phthalimide?

Phthalimide, appearing as a white to pale yellow crystalline powder, is known chemically as 1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione or 1,3-dioxoisoindoline. It plays a crucial role in various organic syntheses.

Uses of Phthalimide

Phthalimide serves as a precursor in the synthesis of primary amines, photo-enhanced reactions, and as a protective group for primary amines. It’s also utilized in producing N-halogen compounds, anthranilic acid, amino acids, phthalocyanine dyes, and serves roles in disinfection and reaction inhibition.

1. Gabrielamine Synthesis

Phthalimide is pivotal for synthesizing primary amines, avoiding the formation of secondary or tertiary amines through nucleophilic substitution reactions and subsequent deprotection with hydrazine.

2. Photo-Enhanced Reaction

It facilitates the Mitsunobu reaction for converting hydroxyl groups to amino groups with stereo inversion, leveraging its imide structure to reduce acidity and enable the reaction.

3. Protecting Group for Primary Amine

Phthalic anhydride reacts with primary amines to form phthaloyl-protected amines, safeguarding against acid, base, and oxidative conditions, with hydrazine commonly used for deprotection.

4. Other Applications

N-bromophthalimide and N-chlorophthalimide are synthesized from phthalimide for use as halogenating agents. Additionally, phthalimide is a starting material for dyes, pigments like indigo, and methyl red through the Beckmann rearrangement.

Properties of Phthalimide

With a molecular weight of 147.13 and a CAS number of 85-41-6, phthalimide has a melting point of 233-237°C and exhibits sublimation. It’s soluble in sodium hydroxide solution but insoluble in water, ethanol, and acetone. Its acid dissociation constant (pKa) of 8.3 reflects its acidic strength.

Other Information on Phthalimide

1. Production Method

Produced by heating phthalic anhydride with ammonia or related compounds, phthalimide can be purified by recrystallization.

2. Handling and Storage Precautions

Handle with care to avoid reactions with strong oxidizers and ensure proper personal protective equipment is worn. In case of fire, use appropriate extinguishing methods. For skin or eye contact, immediate washing and medical consultation are advised. Store in a cool, ventilated area away from direct sunlight and in light-shielding containers to prevent degradation.

What Is Phenol Red?

Phenol red, or phenolsulfonephthalein, is a dark to red odorless crystalline powder used as a pH indicator and for various other applications. It changes color from yellow in neutral solutions to red in alkaline conditions, making it useful for chemical experiments, biochemical analysis, and cell culture monitoring. Synthesized by reacting phenol with o-sulfobenzoic anhydride, phenol red’s versatility extends to kidney function tests due to its complete excretion in urine.

Uses of Phenol Red

As a pH indicator, phenol red aids in determining the acidity or alkalinity of solutions. In cell culture, its color change helps monitor the health and conditions of cells. Additionally, it’s utilized in kidney function tests, exploiting its excretion through urine to assess renal health.

Characteristics of Phenol Red

Phenol red has a molecular weight of 354.38 and exhibits properties such as decomposing above 300°C and being nearly insoluble in water. It’s slightly soluble in ethanol and soluble in dilute sodium hydroxide solution. The compound is stable under normal conditions but sensitive to light and strong oxidizing agents.

Other Information on Phenol Red

1. Safety of Phenol Red

It’s classified under GHS for skin and eye irritation risks. Precautions include using protective gear during handling and ensuring proper ventilation in work areas. Despite its classification, no significant toxicity or environmental hazard has been confirmed.

2. Handling and Storage

Handling should involve protective equipment and avoiding ingestion, while storage requires sealed containers in cool, dark places away from incompatible materials. Compliance with relevant laws and regulations is essential for disposal.

What Is Zinc Phenol Sulfonate?

Zinc phenol sulfonate is an organic compound formed by bonding a sulfo group (-SO₃H) to a phenol, resulting in a zinc salt. Although not specifically regulated by domestic laws, its use in cosmetics is limited to certain concentrations.

Uses of Zinc Phenol Sulfonate

Primarily used in cosmetics, zinc phenol sulfonate serves as an active ingredient in antiperspirants and deodorants, particularly targeting sebum odor. It operates by suppressing sweat and sebum secretion and inhibiting bacterial growth, thereby preventing both sweat and sebum odor effectively.

Properties of Zinc Phenol Sulfonate

This compound exhibits astringent properties, helping to tighten pores and reduce sebum secretion, which can also aid in acne prevention. While it might offer lower antiperspirant power compared to ingredients like aluminum chloride, it is considered safer for use.

Structure of Zinc Phenol Sulfonate

Its molecular structure includes a benzene ring bonded to one hydroxy group (-OH) and a sulfo group (-SO₃H), forming a zinc salt (-SO₃)₂Zn. Zinc phenol sulfonate commonly exists in several types, with zinc p-phenolsulfonate being the most utilized variant.

Other Information on Zinc Phenol Sulfonate

1. Regulation of Zinc Phenol Sulfonate

Usage in cosmetics is restricted to ensure safety, with specific concentrations allowed in products not immediately rinsed off after application.

2. Combination with Other Ingredients

When combined with other germicidal ingredients in cosmetics, zinc phenol sulfonate can enhance antiperspirant and deodorant effects, offering broader applications in personal care products.

What Is Phenothiazine?

Phenothiazine, with the chemical formula C₁₂H₉NS, is a heterocyclic compound characterized by two benzene rings fused to thiazine. Known also as “10H-Phenothiazine” or “dibenzothiazine,” it serves as the backbone for various derivatives with diverse applications.

Uses of Phenothiazine

Phenothiazines find use in various fields such as insecticides, treatment of urinary tract infections, polymerization inhibitors, antioxidants, dyes, and notably in antipsychotics like chlorpromazine and promethazine, which are effective in treating schizophrenia and other conditions.

Properties of Phenothiazine

This compound is a pale yellow crystalline powder at room temperature, with a melting point of 185.1℃ and boiling point of 371℃. It’s easily soluble in acetone, slightly in ethanol, and insoluble in water, exhibiting stability yet susceptible to oxidation and light exposure.

Types of Phenothiazines

Available as reagents in various quantities such as 25g, 500g, and 1kg, phenothiazine and its derivatives are crucial in research and development. It is necessary to comply with laws and regulations in its handling and storage.

Other Information on Phenothiazine

1. Synthesis of Phenothiazine

Synthesis involves melting diphenylamine with sulfur and a catalyst, producing hydrogen sulfide as a byproduct.

2. Chemical Reaction of Phenothiazine

Light exposure causes phenothiazine to oxidize and darken, leading to various oxidized products. It decomposes under heat or acidic conditions, releasing toxic substances.

3. Phenothiazine Derivatives

Derivatives include methylene blue and various antipsychotics like promazine, chlorpromazine, and promethazine, each having specific applications in medical treatments.

4. Regulatory Information on Phenothiazines

Noted risks include skin and respiratory irritation, potential damage to major organ systems, and high toxicity to aquatic life, necessitating careful handling per regulatory standards.

What Is Phenylalanine?

Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid known for its role in the biosynthesis of proteins. Characterized by a phenyl group replacing one hydrogen atom in alanine, it exists primarily in the L-form, L-phenylalanine, and is integral to various biological processes.

Found in high-protein foods such as meat, seafood, eggs, and dairy products, phenylalanine is necessary for health but must be consumed in moderation to avoid potential health risks like high blood pressure and heart disease. Individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU), a condition impairing phenylalanine metabolism, must carefully manage their intake to prevent harmful accumulation in the body.

Uses of Phenylalanine

Phenylalanine serves multiple purposes, including the synthesis of the artificial sweetener aspartame, the creation of neurotransmitters like dopamine and noradrenaline, and its application in cosmetics as a moisturizing agent. Its role in neurotransmitter production suggests potential benefits for mood elevation and depression treatment.

Properties of Phenylalanine

This amino acid forms white crystals that are slightly soluble in water but less so in organic solvents. With a melting point of around 283°C and acidic properties in solution, phenylalanine’s chemical behavior is significant for various applications, despite its bitter taste.

Structure of Phenylalanine

The structure of phenylalanine features a benzene ring, distinguishing it from alanine by the substitution of a phenyl group for a hydrogen atom in the side chain, reflecting its name’s origin.

Other Information on Phenylalanine

1. Substances Produced From Phenylalanine

Phenylalanine is crucial for synthesizing aspartame and tyrosine, with the latter playing a key role in signaling mechanisms within the body. Phenylketonuria, a genetic condition related to phenylalanine metabolism, underscores the importance of early detection and diet management.

2. Biosynthesis of Phenylalanine

In plants and microorganisms, phenylalanine is produced via the shikimic acid pathway from sugar metabolites, a process not present in mammals. This absence categorizes phenylalanine as an essential amino acid for humans, highlighting the necessity of dietary intake.