月: 2023年2月

What Is a Measuring Pipette?

A measuring pipette is a type of glass volumeter. It has multiple scales engraved on its side, and can be used to collect and drop various volumes of liquids. A measuring pipette is classified into two types, Class A and Class B, according to the size of the tolerance.

Since measuring pipettes are less precise than whole pipettes, whole pipettes should be used when precise volume of liquid is required. On the other hand, measuring pipette is useful for experiments where strict accuracy is not required and the volume of liquid to be collected or dropped can be varied as desired.

Types and Uses of Measuring Pipettes

Measuring pipettes are instruments used in physical and chemical experiments, and are a type of volumetric instrument for measuring the volume of a liquid. Although less precise than whole pipettes, measuring pipettes are useful instruments for collecting and dropping liquids of various volumes because it has a scale on its side finely engraved to indicate the volume.

Because of the above features, measuring pipettes are used when the allowable error in solution preparation and collection is somewhat large, or when the amount of solution to be added to a sample can be varied arbitrarily. On the other hand, a whole pipette is used instead of a female pipette when accurate measuring pipetting is required, such as in the preparation of standard solutions for concentration measurement.

Accuracy of Measuring Pipettes

The tolerance of glass volumeters such as measuring pipettes is defined in the JIS standard (JIS R3505 Glass Volumeters). Measuring pipettes are classified into two classes, “Class A” and “Class B,” according to the JIS standard, with Class A having a smaller permissible volumetric error, i.e., requiring higher accuracy.

For both Class A and Class B, the permissible error is defined according to the total volume, and the larger the total volume, the smaller the relative value of the error. The tolerance for Class A is at most ±0.5% of the total volume, and for Class B ±1.0%. However, since this tolerance is based on the volume of water measured at 20°C, the actual error may be even greater depending on the temperature of the laboratory and the solvent collected.

Differences Between Measuring Pipettes, Whole Pipettes, and Komagome Pipettes

In addition to measuring pipettes, whole pipettes and komagome pipettes are sometimes used to collect liquids in experimental work. The major difference between these pipettes is accuracy.

Komagome pipettes are the least accurate of the three types above, but they can collect a fixed amount of liquid easily and quickly. The measuring pipettes are less precise than the whole pipette, but it is sufficiently more precise than the Komagome pipette, and it has a fine scale on the side, which is useful when you want to experiment by arbitrarily changing the collection volume with a certain degree of precision. Whole pipettes are the most accurate and are used when the volume of liquid needs to be measured precisely.

What Is a Female Connector?

A female connector is the “plug side” of a cable connector. It is often used in conversion cables and extension cables that convert the shape of connectors. In contrast to female connectors, male connectors are used on the “insertion side.” In many cases, such as charging cables and video output cables, male connectors are used on both ends.

Since female connectors are shaped to prevent unintentional touching of the terminals, the power supply or output side is generally a female connector to prevent electric shock or short-circuit accidents. In the case of commonly used USB cables, the male connector is on the cable side, and the female connector is on the socket of the PC receiving the cable.

Uses of Female Connectors

Female connectors are used to connect cables on the output or supply side of the power supply to prevent electric shock or short-circuit accidents. The terminal is covered with a cover and has a concave structure to allow the convex part of the male connector and the core wire to fit inside. Also called a socket insert.

Examples of where female connectors are used include:

• Changing the shape of connectors (adapters)
  Extension side of an adapter to change USB to RS232C or IEEE standard interface, or HDMI terminal to mini HDMI terminal
• Power supply sockets
  Power outlets, USB ports on the PC itself, etc.

Principle of Female Connectors

A connector is an electronic component that connects the flow of power and electrical signals and is an interface that facilitates the connection and disconnection of devices and circuits.

Male connectors (plugs) are convex, with the pin contacts (conductive material) exposed to the outside. This exposed part is inserted into the concave part of the female connectors for connection.

The female connectors (receptacle) have a spring-loaded socket contact inside to receive the pin contact, which makes contact with the male pin contact to conduct electricity and signals. The contacts are made of a highly conductive copper alloy. Since the female contacts are not exposed to the outside, it is generally recommended that they be used on the power supply side to prevent electric shock and short circuits. For this reason, all PC-side connectors, including USB, LAN, and HDMI ports, are female connectors.

Female connectors are also used to convert connector shapes, and among them, adapters that convert male and female connectors are also called gender changers.

What Is a Multi Crane?

A multi crane is a compact, lightweight, hand-pushed crane designed for lifting and moving loads in confined spaces or areas lacking other crane facilities. Resembling a miniaturized version of a standard crane, it features wheels for mobility and can be manually operated, much like a cart. These cranes are characterized by their portability, with some models weighing as little as 100 kg and featuring foldable arms and legs for easy transportation in a light van over distances. Hydraulic-driven arm models are also available, simplifying the process of moving the arm up and down.

Applications of Multi Cranes

Multi cranes are ideal for situations where traditional crane equipment is impractical or unavailable, such as in tight spaces requiring the loading and unloading of goods. They are particularly beneficial in agricultural settings for handling machinery and in spaces where their compact size allows for insertion into vehicle beds for direct lifting of loads. Their ease of human-powered operation makes them useful in factories and warehouses for loading, unloading, and moving cargo and machinery beside vehicles.

Principle of Multi Cranes

The core structure of a multi crane includes a wheeled base with a strut and a manually operated arm, raised and lowered via a hydraulic cylinder. A manual winch on the pillar facilitates load lifting with a wire and hook mechanism. Stability during operation is provided by foldable, V-shaped legs that support the crane along with the base wheels, allowing for the crane to move and lift loads effectively.

Types of Multi Cranes

Multi cranes are among the smallest crane types, typically supporting loads of 500 kg to 1,000 kg and reaching lifting heights of up to 2.5 meters. They usually weigh between 100 kg to 200 kg, with arm lengths ranging from 1m to 2m, and adjustable arm lengths for varying lifting loads. Some models feature the capability to rotate while lifting, including additional lateral support to maintain balance.

How to Select a Multi-Crane

Selecting the right multi crane involves considering the workspace size and the weight of the cargo to ensure safe operation. Choosing a crane with an appropriate size and lifting capacity is crucial to prevent accidents, such as tipping over or dropping the load, especially when handling objects heavier than the crane’s maximum lifting load.

What Is a Multi Clamp?

A multi clamp is a fixture used for assembling supports, piping, and scaffolding at work sites. Smooth-surfaced cylindrical parts (e.g., pumping pipes, metal scaffold pipes, and supports) are crossed over each other and secured at the intersection with a multi clamp to form a solid assembly.

Points to Note When Selecting Multi Clamps

1. The Number of Pipes to Be Fixed and the Angle of Intersection

Generally, two pipes are orthogonal to each other, but some multi clamps can be used to bundle three or more pipes in parallel, or the angle can be adjusted as desired.

2. Outer Diameter of Pipes to Be Fixed

The inner diameter of the clip band of the multi clamps should be the same as or slightly larger than the outer diameter of the pipe to be fixed.

Uses of Multi Clamps

Multi clamps are used to fasten cylindrical pipes at their intersections and are frequently used in the following situations:

• Construction of scaffolding pipes at construction sites.
• Creating trellises for crawling crop vines in agricultural fields. They are especially used in the construction of grapevine trellises.
• Fixing pipe frames when building simple sheds.

Smooth-surfaced metal pipes are difficult to drill holes in and bolt together. Therefore, multi clamps can be used to secure the intersections for easier and stronger fixation. Since there is no need to drill holes or hammer nails into the pipes, disassembly is relatively easy and the pipes can be reused.

Principle of Multi Clamps

The basic structure of multi clamps consists of a crimp band (a ring through which the pipe is threaded) and a tightening screw. The crimp band is curved in a circular shape and is suitable for clamping cylindrical pipes. When using the clamp, loosen the screw, insert the pipe through the crimp band, and temporarily fasten it with curing tape. After fine-tuning the position and angle of the multi clamps, tighten the tightening screw to secure it in place.

Keep the following points in mind when selecting multi clamps

• Number and angle of pipes to be crossed: A typical multi clamp has two crimp bands perpendicular to each other, allowing two pipes to be fixed at right angles. Some products allow three or more pipes to be bundled in parallel, while others allow the angle of the crimp band to be adjusted as desired. However, those with adjustable crimp band angles are at risk of deterioration of the moving parts and loss of strength after repeated use. When assembling structures that require safety, such as scaffolding, it is recommended to use multi clamps, in which the crimp band does not move.
• Diameter of pipe and crimp band: If the diameter of the crimp band is too large for the pipe, a gap may be created and the multi clamps may move. Check the outside diameter of the pipe to be fixed and select multi clamps of the same or slightly larger diameter.

What Is a Mat Switch?

A mat switch is a mat-shaped switch designed to detect when stepped on. It operates through physical contact, eliminating the need for pressing buttons, particularly useful in situations where hand or finger use is restricted. Its shape and size can be customized for diverse applications, making it adaptable to various environments.

Applications of Mat Switch

Mat switches are versatile, and used across different industries:

1. Factories and Manufacturing Industries

In these settings, mat switches enhance worker and machinery safety. They stop surrounding machinery like conveyors when a worker stands on them. This feature prevents accidents and enables hands-free machine operation. Unlike other sensors, mat switches only detect floor pressure, reducing false detections and simplifying installation.

2. Security

Used for monitoring specific areas, mat switches can detect unauthorized entry around entrances or windows. Stepping on the switch triggers an alarm, alerting security or the owner. They are also effective in securing safes, doorways, and valuable exhibits in places like museums.

3. Medical Care and Rehabilitation

In medical and rehab environments, mat switches contribute to hygiene control by operating devices like air curtains. They are also used to analyze gait patterns and step lengths in rehabilitation, aiding in patient assessment and controlling walking aids.

Principle of Mat Switch

A mat switch consists of a pressure-sensitive sensor inside a flexible, durable mat, typically made of rubber or silicone. When stepped on, the mat deforms, activating the sensor. For safety purposes, they often use 4-wire tape switches for fail-safe operation, capable of detecting wire breakage.

How to Select a Mat Switch

Key considerations in selection and installation include response time and installation area:

1. Response Time

Though mat switches generally have quick response times, those used for safety require high sensitivity and rapid response. Choose a switch that meets the necessary sensitivity and response time specifications.

2. Installation Area

Consider the risk of accidental activation or bypassing. Select a mat switch with an appropriate size and shape to cover the required area effectively.

What Is an Electromagnetic Lock?

An electromagnetic lock is a lock that uses the force of an electromagnet designed for emergency exits.

Electromagnetic locks feature a security system that can be installed in any location.

Uses of Electromagnetic Lock

Electromagnetic locks are widely used for emergency exits because they enable safe escape in case of disaster.

They are also often used for general residential gates, taking advantage of their high security performance and generally low power consumption of 3 to 4W. Their high adsorption and excellent durability also make it ideal for office entrances and exits.

Electromagnetic locks can be operated by adding a peripheral device to open the lock. External opening methods include key, PIN, and contactless IC. Internal methods of opening the lock include: open switch, passive sensor, etc.

Principle of Electromagnetic Lock

Electromagnetic locks lock the door by the force of attraction by electromagnets. When the lock is energized, it becomes an electromagnet and adheres to the strike plate, locking the door.

Electromagnetic locks consist of an electronic lock, a controller, an actuator, and a power supply. By using a numeric keypad or card reader for the actuator, it can be used as a daily security lock.

In the case of power outages, the locking mechanism will disable so there won’t be a concern of being unable to enter/exit.

Electromagnetic Lock Features

Electromagnetic locks have various features due to the application of electromagnets to door locks.

1. High Locking Capacity

Electromagnetic locks lock with the force of attraction of electromagnets, which provides strong protection.

2. High Versatility

Electromagnetic locks can be installed on both open and sliding doors. If a lock is mounted on only one side of the door, it can be used as an entrance-only door or an exit-only door. Even in this use, there is peace of mind that the door will be unlocked spontaneously when the power happens to be off.

3. Easy to Unlock Even in an Emergency

Electromagnetic locks have the same locking ability as ordinary locks, but can be opened instantly with a single action such as turning off the electricity.

When an emergency escape is necessary, one must assume a state of panic in which routine actions cannot be taken. Under such circumstances, even normal actions such as turning a knob or lowering a lever are difficult. Just a simple “push” or “pull” is all that is needed to open the door.

4.High Reliability

Electromagnetic locks have a simple locking structure that adheres with its surfaces, so a slight deviation will not affect its basic operation at all.

Conventional electric locks may misalign the sensor or jamb, causing the door to malfunction or emit an abnormal signal if the door is not properly installed over time. 

5. Safe for Outdoor Use

Durability is strong and can be used even under adverse weather conditions such as condensation and rain. Since there are no mechanical moving parts such as latches, gears, etc., it can be used completely waterproof. The operating environment ranges from – 40 to +60°C.

6. Easy to Install

Electromagnetic locks are basically surface-mounted on the door frame, making installation and wiring work easy. It is possible to open the door without time stress. 

7. More Power-Saving Than Ordinary Electronic Locks

Electromagnetic Lock can be used with low power consumption: from 3.0W in the M62 series to 4.2W in the M82 series.

What Is Mylar Film?

Mylar film is a colorless, transparent plastic film.

It is manufactured by biaxially stretching a polymer resin called polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

A mylar film has excellent chemical and water resistance, high strength against mechanical deformation, and insulating properties.

Mylar film is also highly transparent and hardly expands or contracts at room temperature. It is used not only as a film for design and drafting but also as an insulating material and as a window material for vacuum equipment.

Uses of Mylar Film

Mylar film has excellent chemical and water resistance, high tensile and bending strength, and insulating properties.

Mylar films are used as a highly reliable film for designing and drafting because it is less likely to be damaged, torn, or ripped by water, chemicals, etc., and because they hardly expand or contract at room temperature, they do not shift or deform.

In addition, its high mechanical strength is utilized as a window material for vacuum equipment used in scientific experiments.

Mylar films are also used as electrical insulation film, capacitor material, and chemical insulation film.

Principle of Mylar Film

Mylar film is produced by biaxially stretching polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a polymer resin made by polymerizing ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. The product is manufactured by biaxially stretching polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer resin.

The name “mylar film” was originally a trade name for a plastic film commercialized by DuPont in the United States in 1954.

Today, many other companies’ products are in circulation, including not only “mylar film,” but also “polyester film” and “PET film,” as well as “Lumirror,” which was commercialized by Toray Industries, Inc. of Japan. Lumirror” commercialized by Toray (Japan) is also available as an equivalent material.

It has excellent chemical and water resistance, high tensile and bending strength, and insulating properties.

The greatest advantage of this material is that these properties are stable over a wide temperature range of -76°F to 302°F (-60°C to 150°C) without loss of stability.

What Is a Microlens Array?

A microlens array is an optical lens array consisting of multiple micron-sized lenses.

Since the size of a lens is quite small (a few microns), the focal length of the lens is a few millimeters, which is a very short distance. Recently, demand for microlens arrays has been rapidly increasing, partly due to the trend toward thinner and smaller electronic devices such as smartphones and digital cameras.

Uses of Microlens Arrays

Microlens arrays are mainly used in the field of optics, such as optical communications, displays, observatory telescopes, and lighting.

The main roles of microlens arrays are light focusing and diffusion. One of the devices used for light collection is a digital camera. By further focusing the light collected by the camera’s lens, more accurate optical information can be delivered to the image sensor.

Conversely, the ability to efficiently diffuse minute amounts of light makes it ideal for use in medical equipment, aircraft, and other applications.

Principle of Microlens Arrays

Microlens arrays can deliver aggregated optical information to the next medium by focusing light diffused by an array of microlenses. As mentioned earlier, this is a function often used in conjunction with image sensors in cameras.

A similar function is also applied to optical fiber. The cross-sectional structure of an optical fiber consists of a protective layer on the outside that protects the line and a thin tube of about 50 µm called a “core” in the center. This is where the light passes through, and to transmit optical information, the light emitted from the light source must accurately enter the core. Therefore, microlens arrays are used to collect light and guide it toward the core, enabling efficient and accurate transmission of optical information.

The ability of microlens arrays to collect and diffuse light depends on the shape, size, number, and position of each lens. It is important to select the appropriate one in consideration of the intended use and application.

What Is a Microtube?

A microtube is a small polypropylene test tube in microliter to milliliter sizes used in biochemistry and molecular biology. They are also called microcentrifuge tubes because they are often used in microcentrifuges.

Since contamination of foreign matter greatly affects the results of experiments conducted in microliter units, these tubes are disposable consumables.

There are various capacities such as 0.2ml, 1.5ml, 2.0ml, etc. The locking lid is connected to the body. The locking lid is connected to the body for excellent sealing.

Uses of Microtubes

Figure 1. Overview of microtubes

Microtubes are used for sample preparation, reaction, storage, extraction, concentration, and culture. They are available in a variety of materials and shapes depending on the application.

For example, heat control is important in PCR tests that handle genes, and it is also necessary to use tubes that are free from contamination by DNase, RNase, or nucleic acids. For this reason, PCR tests use special microtubes with relatively thin, uniform walls, excellent thermal conductivity, and guaranteed cleanliness.

For other analyses involving proteins and peptides, a type of microtube that reduces adsorption on the inner wall (low-adsorption tube) is used.

Structure of Microtubes

Microtubes are generally made of polypropylene. Polypropylene has high heat resistance among thermoplastic resins and can be used for autoclaving.

Polypropylene microtubes also have excellent chemical resistance and are resistant to acids and alkalis such as sulfuric acid and calcium hydroxide, as well as many organic solvents. However, there are some chemicals, such as chloroform and highly concentrated acids, that cannot be used, so be sure to check the product information.

When using solvents that cannot be used with polypropylene, glass microtubes should be used. Glass microtubes are more resistant to chemicals than polypropylene microtubes. They are also highly transparent, making them suitable for use when observation of the contents is required.

Other low-adsorption type microtubes have a variety of low-adsorption treatment methods, such as silicone coating and MPC polymer coating, and you need to select the right product for your purpose.

How to Select Microtubes

Figure 2. Special microtubes

First, select the tube size according to the sample/solvent volume to be handled. Next, make sure that none of the solvents or chemicals used will dissolve or react with the polypropylene tubing material. If polypropylene tubing cannot be used, glass microtubes should be selected.

Microtubes are generally clear and colorless, but fully light-shielded or translucent partially light-shielded tubes are also available. If the sample or chemical is sensitive to light stimulation, choose light-shielding tubes.

When proteins, peptides, etc. are used, low-adsorption tubes should be selected according to the nature of the experiment and the characteristics of the sample. Since there are different types of low-adsorption processing methods, it is important to select the appropriate product for the experimental system.

Figure 3. List of chemical resistance of polypropylene microtubes

For example, the silicone coating is a water-repellent finish that is suitable for highly viscous blood and nucleic acids. The coating may peel off when organic solvents are used.

On the other hand, MPC polymer coating is a hydrophilic process and is suitable for hydrophobic samples such as proteins. It is resistant to organic solvents such as acetonitrile and DMSO, but not to strong acids and alkalis.

Low adsorption tubes are also available, in which surface adsorption is suppressed by blending a proprietary protein/peptide low adsorption resin material, rather than by polypropylene surface treatment.