月: 2022年12月

What Is a Self-Aligning Ball Bearing?

Self-aligning ball bearings are types of bearings that can rotate even when the shaft’s center is tilted.

These bearings are effective under conditions of large radial loads and when shaft deflection occurs, or when misalignment happens due to the dimensional accuracy of the mounting parts of the bearing components. However, they are not suitable for use where there is a large axial load (load parallel to the shaft).

A bearing, as a mechanical element, minimizes friction in rotating parts of household appliances, cars, and industrial machinery. It supports the smooth operation of the machine and prevents abnormal noise, seizure, and failure caused by friction. It is now one of the indispensable parts because it can keep the shaft in a stable condition without impairing the normal operation of the machine.

Uses of Self-Aligning Ball Bearings

Self-aligning ball bearings are commonly used in woodworking machinery, where shafts tend to deflect or tilt, and in the transmission shafts of spinning machines. The axial load capacity is not that high, so versatility is reduced.

Spherical roller bearings, which are also able to be aligned, use rollers and can support radial and axial loads. They are used in a wide range of fields, including general machinery, rolling mills, and paper manufacturing machinery.

Principles of Self-Aligning Ball Bearings

Various types of bearings exist, which can be roughly divided into rolling bearings and plain bearings. Of these, rolling bearings are used in many types of machinery and equipment, such as cars and industrial equipment. Rolling bearings are mainly composed of the following three elements:

• Raceways (inner and outer rings in which balls and rollers roll)
• Rolling elements (balls or rollers that roll between the inner and outer rings)
• Cage (part that prevents rolling elements from colliding with each other or falling out of the raceways)

The outer ring’s raceway of self-aligning ball bearings features a spherical surface whose center of curvature is aligned with the bearing center. Therefore, the inner ring, rolling elements, and cage can rotate at the same time, even if they are slightly tilted around the bearing center.

Although expertise is required when selecting a bearing, it is important to carefully consider how the load is applied to the shaft and how it is best supported before selecting a bearing that is suitable for the application and purpose.

Types of Self-Aligning Ball Bearings

In addition to the standard open type, there are other types of self-aligning ball bearings, such as sealed and tapered bore types.

1. Self-Aligning Ball Bearings With Seals

Sealed bearings have rubber contact seals on both sides of the balls. This ensures durability even in environments with a lot of dust. Lubrication can also be improved by sealing with grease.

2. Tapered Bore Self-Aligning Ball Bearings

Tapered bore bearings have a tapered bore in the inner ring. By using an adapter when mounting the shaft, the ease of assembly can be improved.

Other Information on Self-Aligning Ball Bearings

Precautions for use

When using self-aligning ball bearings, the following precautions should be taken:

1. There is a limit to the amount of misalignment that can be tolerated.
Even with self-aligning ball bearings, there is a limit to the amount of misalignment that can be tolerated. It varies by manufacturer and product, but it is between 0.07 and 0.15 radians (4 to 8 degrees). Even for the same product, the allowable range may be smaller depending on the environment in which the bearing is installed. It is recommended to consult with the bearing manufacturer’s engineer.

2. Large axial loads cannot be supported
As with ordinary deep groove ball bearings, they cannot support large axial loads due to the small contact angle.

3. The balls protrude axially more than the inner and outer rings
It should be noted that the balls extend outward more than the width of the inner and outer rings in the axial direction. Larger ones extend several millimeters on both sides, so care must be taken when designing the bearing arrangement.

What Is a Plastic Rod?

A plastic rod is a rod-shaped product made from resin, a polymer compound. These rods are produced using various types of resins, each with unique properties and applications. Resin’s polymer structure, comprising long molecular chains, gives it distinct physical properties based on its composition.

Plastic rods are created by processing these resins and molding them into specific shapes and sizes.

Applications of Plastic Rods

1. Industrial Product Parts

Utilized for their durability and lightweight, plastic rods are key components in machinery and equipment. They are found in bearings, gears, springs, shafts, and various machine elements.

2. Automotive Industry

Plastic rods contribute to the strength and lightweight nature of automotive interior and exterior components. Used in bumpers, door handles, and dashboards, they aid in fuel efficiency and reducing vehicle weight.

3. Electronics

With excellent electrical insulation properties, plastic rods are integral in electronic devices and electrical components. They are essential in printed circuit boards, terminals, and housings, enhancing safety and reliability.

4. Construction Materials

In construction, plastic rods are used for both exterior and interior materials. They enhance window frames, door handles, and lighting fixture components with weather resistance and durability.

5. Medical Equipment

Valued for their chemical resistance and biocompatibility, plastic rods are used in medical devices, instruments, and prostheses, ensuring patient safety and comfort.

6. Industrial Equipment

Plastic rods serve as structural elements in industrial machinery, particularly in chemical and corrosive environments, where durability is crucial.

7. Crafts and Hobby

These rods find applications in crafts and hobbies, such as model making, jewelry, and art production.

8. Agricultural Tools

In agriculture, plastic rods reinforce nets, poles, and sprayer parts, offering durability and weather resistance.

Features of Plastic Rods

1. Light Weight and Strength

Plastic rods combine light weight with high strength, ideal for structural parts and reinforcement materials.

2. Durability

Resin’s weather resistance extends the product life of plastic rods, withstanding external and environmental changes.

3. Chemical Resistance

Some resins resist chemicals and corrosives, making them suitable for the chemical industry and research.

4. Electrical Insulation Properties

Their non-conductive nature makes plastic rods perfect as insulators in electronic and electrical components.

5. Processability

Resin’s moldability and ease of shaping allow for the creation of complex designs, broadening plastic rods’ applications.

6. Biocompatibility

Certain resins are biocompatible, ideal for medical devices requiring contact with human tissue.

7. Heat Insulation Properties

As heat insulators, plastic rods are used in construction and industry to protect against extreme temperatures.

8. Recyclability

The recyclability of some resins aligns with the growing emphasis on sustainable materials in today’s environmentally conscious world.

Types of Plastic Rods

1. Polyethylene (PE) Rods

PE rods, made of Polyethylene, offer durability, chemical resistance, and lightweight. They’re frequently used in water and chemical contact environments.

2. Polypropylene (PP) Rods

PP rods, made from polypropylene, exhibit heat resistance and electrical insulation, useful in the food industry and electronic equipment.

3. Polyurethane (PU) Rods

PU rods, made from polyurethane, are noted for their elasticity and abrasion resistance, vital in machine and vehicle part production.

4. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Rods

PVC rods, made from PVC resin, are known for their weather and chemical resistance, widely used in building materials and water treatment components.

5. Acrylic (PMMA) Rods

PMMA rods, made from polymethyl methacrylate (acrylic), are used for their excellent light transmission properties in signboards, decorative items, and lighting components.

6. Delrin (POM) Rods

POM rods, made from polyacetal, are characterized by their wear resistance and low friction, suitable for gears, bearings, and machine parts.

7. Nylon (PA) Rods

PA rods, made from polyamide, excel in wear and chemical resistance, ideal for high-friction applications like gears and bearings.

8. Fluoroplastic (PTFE) Rods

PTFE rods, made from fluoroplastic, offer high heat resistance and chemical stability, essential in corrosive environments and high-temperature conditions.

What Is a Pinhole Detector?

A pinhole detector is a device specifically designed to detect pinholes, which are small defects in equipment. A pinhole is a small hole that is created during the manufacturing process of a product. It is mainly caused by impacts and vibrations during movement, but can also occur during metal plating and welding processes when the gases and air generated cool and leave only air bubbles behind. A pinhole detector can find these tiny holes in a variety of ways.

Uses of Pinhole Detectors

Pinhole detectors are utilized to identify pinholes, helping to prevent product defects and equipment malfunctions, but pinholes occur in a variety of situations. These pinholes occur when impact is applied or friction is caused by vibration. Pinholes can cause leakage or corrosion of contents and must be found immediately. They can also be caused by plating and painting. The gases produced during painting can create pinholes. Pinholes can accumulate dirt and cause corrosion, so pinhole detectors are used to find them.

Principles of Pinhole Detectors

Various methods are employed by pinhole detectors.

• Bubble inspection
  In the bubble inspection method, a foaming liquid is applied to the surface to be inspected for pinholes. If there are minute holes, bubbles are generated from the backside and pinholes can be detected. However, this method is not suitable for small pinholes because it is time consuming.
• Ultrasonic Inspection
  This method finds pinholes by detecting ultrasonic waves generated by minute holes. When compressed air is put into a container with a pinhole, air leaks out of the hole. This is spread around as ultrasonic waves, which are then examined with a detector. The position and size of the pinhole can be determined from the position and size of the ultrasonic waves generated.
• Electric discharge inspection
  This method uses the electrical discharge phenomenon to detect pinholes. Electrodes are attached to the front and back of the surface to be examined, and high voltage is applied. When a voltage is applied to the hole, the air insulation is destroyed, an electric discharge occurs, and current flows. The presence or absence of a pinhole is detected from the change in electric current caused by this discharge. In the case of painted surfaces and thin films, the high voltage may cause damage, so care must be taken.

What Is an Idler Sprocket?

An idler sprocket is a component that alters the path of a chain and rotates, powered by the chain’s movement. It also transmits the chain’s power to other parts. Idlers come in various forms, but the sprocket idler, in particular, is gear-shaped and engages with the chain grooves to rotate. Bearings are integrated inside the idler to ensure smooth rotation in sync with the chain. Idler sprockets are essential components in a wide range of machines.

Uses of Idler Sprockets

Idler sprockets are primarily used to transmit power via the chain. A common example is in bicycles, where pedal rotation is transferred to the chain and through the sprocket idlers, turning the wheels and propelling the bicycle forward. Beyond bicycles, these sprockets are vital in engines, generators, and other machinery requiring rotational motion, including transportation devices, machine tools, and food packaging machines.

Principles of Idler Sprockets

Idler sprockets are designed to change the path of a belt or chain and transmit power through rotation. Their structure is generally uniform, resembling gears. Bearings within the sprocket facilitate smooth rotation, and the sprocket’s center is typically secured with a nut. While the basic structure is consistent, the side profile varies depending on the type of belt or chain used. For idler sprockets, this includes jagged edges compatible with chains. Due to constant wear from the chain, sprockets are often made of metal for durability, though plastic versions are sometimes employed to reduce weight.

What Is a Quick Exhaust Valve?

A quick exhaust valve is a directional control valve designed to rapidly exhaust compressed air or gas from actuators, such as cylinders, without the need for an electricity supply. It operates using a diaphragm to efficiently direct air, reducing energy loss and improving system efficiency while extending the lifespan of upstream components.

Applications of Quick Exhaust Valves

Quick exhaust valves are vital in various sectors for their rapid actuation and energy efficiency:

1. Manufacturing and Automation

They facilitate high-speed, precise movements in automated systems, including robotic arms and pneumatic cylinders.

2. Packaging and Logistics

These valves are essential in packaging machines and conveyor systems for quick material handling and sorting.

3. Metal Processing Equipment

Used in machines for punching, shearing, and bending to reduce the return process time.

4. Medical and Research Fields

They assist in liquid measurement and management in devices like syringe pumps, functioning as efficient check valves.

Principle of Quick Exhaust Valves

Featuring an inlet , outlet, and exhaust port, the valve uses a diaphragm to control fluid flow. Creating a separate discharge route efficiently reduces pressure loss and facilitates the swift evacuation of fluid.

Structure of Quick Exhaust Valves

Key components include:

1. Body

Made from materials like aluminum, brass, or plastic, housing inlet, outlet, and exhaust ports.

2. Diaphragm

Controls the flow by blocking or allowing passage through ports, made from materials like fluorocarbon rubber for corrosion resistance or NBR for wear resistance.

Types of Quick Exhaust Valves

1. Standard Quick Exhaust Valve

Commonly used with a simple inlet, outlet, and exhaust port structure.

2. With Flow Restriction

Allows adjustment of the actuator’s operating speed by controlling the exhaust speed.

3. Opens to Atmosphere

Directly discharges the exhausted fluid into the atmosphere, suitable for applications where this is permissible.

What Is an Industrial Heater?

Industrial heaters are heating devices used in both industrial and commercial settings.

They are used in heating and drying materials. Industrial heaters, available in various types and designs, are selected based on specific requirements. Heaters designed for particular materials and processes may boast high thermal conductivity and efficiency.

Customization to meet specific needs allows optimal design for different industries and processes. However, due to the high temperatures generated by industrial heaters, adhering to proper safety precautions is crucial. This includes using appropriate protective devices and following safety guidelines.

Applications of Industrial Heaters

Industrial heaters find use in a broad spectrum of applications across numerous industries and processes. The applications include:

1. Process Heating

Heating materials or liquids to a specific temperature is a common industrial process. This alters the properties and chemical reactions of the material. For instance, in metal forging, metals are heated to soften and reshape them easily. Industrial heaters also expedite chemical reactions.

2. Melting

Melting metals and plastics is crucial in processes like metal casting and plastic molding. Heaters liquefy the material, enabling it to flow into the desired shape.

3. Drying

Wet materials and products require proper temperature and time for drying. Similarly, the painting process involves heating the surface to dry the paint. Ceramic firing combines drying with high temperatures.

4. Heating

Heating within factories and buildings ensures worker comfort and proper equipment operation. Heaters in heating and cooling systems maintain appropriate temperatures.

Principles of Industrial Heaters

Industrial heaters operate on various heating principles, including:

1. Resistance Heating

This principle involves generating heat through electrical resistance. An electric current passing through a resistive element transforms electrical energy into thermal energy, heating the element and radiating warmth to the surroundings.

2. Microwave Heating

Microwave heating uses microwaves, a type of electromagnetic wave, easily absorbed by polar molecules like water and fat, causing these molecules to vibrate and generate heat. It’s used in food processing and chemical processes for relatively uniform heating.

3. Induction Heating

Induction heating heats conductive materials through electromagnetic induction. High-frequency alternating current in a coil induces eddy currents in nearby conductive materials, heating them. This method is common in metal heating and surface hardening.

How to Select an Industrial Heater

Several factors influence the selection of an industrial heater, including:

1. Heating Method

The heating method is pivotal, with options like resistance and induction heating. Choose a method that suits the material or process.

2. Heating Capacity

Heating capacity indicates the heat output. Select a capacity that aligns with your process’s requirements. Note that larger capacities achieve higher temperatures faster but may increase energy costs.

3. Temperature Range

Identify the required temperature range for your process and select a heater that offers suitable durability and control. Some are designed for high temperatures, while others are better for lower ranges.

4. Uniformity of Heating

For uniform heating needs, consider radiant or convection principles. Ensure the heater can provide consistent heating for processes requiring uniformity.

What Is an Angular Double-Row Ball Bearing?

Angular double-row ball bearings are a specialized type of angular contact ball bearing with two rows of balls. They are designed to support both radial and thrust loads, excelling in high-speed rotation and heavy load conditions. Unlike single-row bearings which support only radial loads, double-row bearings offer enhanced support and stability.

Applications of Angular Double-Row Ball Bearings

Angular double-row ball bearings support loads in both radial and axial directions and can be used in a wide variety of applications. Examples include aircraft landing gears and railroad bogies.

Other examples include power systems for industrial printers and industrial machinery. The illustration below shows a case in which angular double-row ball bearings are used to support radial and thrust loads from the roller side in part of a film product feed mechanism in a production facility.

Principle of Angular Double-Row Ball Bearing

These bearings have a contact angle that enables them to support thrust loads in both directions, in addition to the capabilities of single-row bearings. The assembly involves setting one ring (inner or outer) fixed while moving the unfixed side towards the shaft’s center, creating axial internal clearance. They offer improved stability and durability due to load distribution and have a more compact design compared to single-row combinations.

Structure of Angular Double-Row Ball Bearing

Angular double-row ball bearings consist of an inner ring, outer ring, balls, and retainers. There are open types without a sealed structure, shielded types with a sealed structure, and sealed types (non-contact and contact), which are selected according to the application and environment.

The purpose of the sealed structure is to prevent leakage of grease filled in the ball section and ingress of dust and moisture from the outside.

Types of Seals	Sealing device	Dust resistance	Lubrication method	Friction resistance
Open type	None	Low	Externally supplied grease, splash or oil bath lubrication	Low
Shielded type	Metal shield plate	Somewhat high	Grease sealed in bearing	Low
Non-contact seal type	Adhesive seal plate of steel plate and synthetic rubber	Higher than sealed type		Low
Contact seal type		Highest		Slightly higher

Other Information on Angular Double-Row Ball Bearings

1. Preload

Preload in bearings improves shaft rigidity, and accuracy, reduces ball slip, vibration, and noise, and prevents fretting from external vibrations. There are two preload methods: fixed-position with a spacer and constant-pressure with a spring.

2. Standards

Relevant standards include JIS B1522, DIN 628-3, and ISO 15, covering angular contact ball bearings specifications and dimensions.

What Is a Coating?

A coating is a substance applied to the surface of an object to form a protective film, reducing the impact of external factors. While coatings are utilized across various fields, including medical for skin protection, this article focuses on their industrial applications, where they serve to protect materials like metal from external damage, enhance lubricity, and reduce friction.

Applications of Coatings

Coatings are instrumental in several areas, thanks to their ability to form protective films and mitigate external influences:

1. Water-Repellent Coating

Applied to enhance the water repellency of rain gear and other materials, water-repellent coatings are also available for consumer use to rejuvenate the water-repellent properties of various products.

2. Automotive Surface Protection and Friction Reduction

Used to safeguard automotive parts like constant velocity joints by reducing friction and preventing wear and seizure, coatings in the automotive sector also restore the appearance and protect against new damage on resin parts and moldings.

3. Surface Protection and Friction Reduction in Other Fields

Coatings also prevent the spalling of refractories in high-temperature environments by improving heat resistance and suppressing thermal expansion. In wire drawing processes, coatings facilitate lubrication and prevent issues like rust and sludge formation.

Principle of Coatings

Coatings, available as liquids, solids, or powders, protect surfaces by forming a barrier against deteriorative factors such as water, oxygen, salt, and carbon dioxide. This protective mechanism is central to the effectiveness of coatings in extending the lifespan and maintaining the integrity of coated objects.

Other Information about Coatings

Coatings find utility beyond their conventional applications:

1. Use in the Refractory Field

Applying coatings to refractory bricks improves their resistance to rapid thermal changes, preventing the spalling phenomenon caused by differential heating.

2. Use in Wire Drawing Processing

In the wire drawing process, coatings not only ease the drawing of metal through dies but also address challenges related to pickling and rust prevention, with the ongoing development of new formulations aimed at enhancing these benefits.

What Is a Steel Belt?

A steel belt, crafted from thin stainless steel plates, excels in transporting objects and power transmission. Its remarkable heat, abrasion, and chemical resistance, coupled with exceptional tensile strength and minimal expansion or contraction, make it ideal for industrial, pharmaceutical, and food processing machinery, attributing to its significant hygiene standards.

Applications of Steel Belts

Due to their robust properties, steel belts find diverse applications:

1. Oil Skimmers

Employed to collect oil from waste liquid in manufacturing and food production facilities.

2. Heat Sealers

Utilized in sealing candy bags and cosmetic packages, taking advantage of heat resistance and non-adhesive properties.

3. Semiconductor Inspection Transportation

Chosen for semiconductor product transport due to precise positioning, anti-static properties, and minimal dust generation.

4. Image Inspection

Facilitates product transport for image inspection on production lines, generating less dust and maintaining uniform plate thickness for consistent inspection quality.

5. Food Transportation

Supports the conveyance and processing of various foods, including frozen meats and chocolates, praised for its heat resistance, hygiene, and durability.

Principle of Steel Belts

Steel belts, made from high-strength stainless steel sheets, offer the necessary flexibility for belt applications without sacrificing durability. Their metal composition ensures minimal elongation and shrinkage, contributing to a wide range of industrial uses.

Features of Steel Belts

Distinctive features of steel belts include:

1. Less Expansion and Contraction

Stainless steel composition ensures stable performance under long-term stress without deformation.

2. High Heat Resistance and Wear Resistance

Capable of enduring heat and friction, suitable for high-temperature and high-wear applications.

3. Minimal Dust and Fraying

High durability reduces maintenance needs, contrasting with rubber belts that may fray and generate dust.

4. Hygienic

Resistance to rust and easy sanitization make it a preferred choice for food and pharmaceutical machinery.

5. Not Easily Charged with Static Electricity

Ideal for transporting semiconductor products and fine powders without attracting static electricity.

6. High Surface Flatness

Ensures even molding and processing of films and resin sheets.

What Is a Flexible Container?

A flexible container is primarily used for transporting bulk powders and granules. It is a bag-shaped packing material that is both soft and durable, featuring handles like a bag, which makes it very convenient to carry. Additionally, it includes an outlet at the bottom that can be accessed by lifting the handle.

Uses of Flexible Containers

Flexible containers find applications across a wide range of industries due to their straightforward design. They are primarily utilized for storing powder and granular materials.

Common applications include containing granular plastics, soybeans, chemicals, rice, flour, and more. They can also be filled with soil and used as sandbags, especially the larger, weather-resistant flexible containers designed for this purpose.

Typically, round bags are used, but in some cases, square bags are preferred for added stability when stacking. To prevent spills, some container bags come with inner bags.

Principles of Flexible Containers

The material used for flexible containers is woven synthetic fibers such as polypropylene and polyethylene. The use of weather-resistant synthetic fibers makes them durable and lightweight. They are also foldable when not in use, which helps save space. These containers can have a load capacity of up to 1 ton, and the materials used, polypropylene and polyethylene, do not emit toxic substances when burned.

However, one drawback is that they are susceptible to heat due to their material composition. They are also vulnerable to degradation from ultraviolet rays. To address this, flexible containers are typically mixed with a small amount of UV-resistant agent to prevent deterioration. For additional protection, a UV-cut cover should be placed over the top.

To use a container bag, lift it using a forklift or a lifting belt, untie the string at the extraction port, and release the contents from the bottom. Many companies offer equipment that can remove flexible containers via suction from the top, often based on vacuum suction technology.