What Is Acrylonitrile?
Acrylonitrile (AN), also known as vinyl cyanide, is a clear, colorless liquid with a sweet odor, which may turn pale yellow in light. It’s soluble in organic solvents like ethanol and acetone. With the molecular formula CH2=CHCN and a molecular weight of 53.06, acrylonitrile has a melting point of -83 to -84°C and a boiling point of 78°C. It’s an important chemical intermediate but is toxic and flammable (flash point -1°C), requiring careful handling and storage to prevent polymerization.
Uses of Acrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile is used in polymerization to form various products. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), a polymer of acrylonitrile, is a key component in fibers for knitwear like sweaters and socks. It’s also a raw material for synthetic resins (such as ABS and AS resins) and synthetic rubber used in tires, packing, and conveyor belts.
Acrylonitrile Reaction
Acrylonitrile primarily reacts as a monomer to produce polymers. Its structure allows it to undergo Michael addition, making it a useful cyanoethylation agent. It also dimerizes to form adiponitrile, a raw material for nylon production.
Production of Acrylonitrile
Industrially, acrylonitrile is produced via the SOHIO Process, where propylene reacts with ammonia and oxygen in the presence of a metal oxide catalyst. Byproducts like acetonitrile and hydrogen cyanide are also utilized in various industrial applications.