月: 2023年3月

What Is a High-Pressure Cylinder?

A high-pressure cylinder is an actuator that utilizes a motor to rotate a ball screw, thereby pushing or pulling a high-load object in a linear direction. Unlike conventional hydraulic cylinders, which require a pump for operation and maintaining thrust, high-pressure cylinders do not need a pump. This results in reduced power consumption.

An advantage of high-pressure cylinders is their simple system configuration, as they do not require oil transport piping. Only cable connections are needed to drive the motor.

In case of a power failure, the load is maintained by the operation of the motor with a brake, thus preventing fall accidents.

Uses of High-Pressure Cylinders

High-pressure cylinders are primarily used in heavy machinery, construction machinery, and agricultural machinery that require high-load linear motion. They are utilized for locking machine parts, opening and closing doors, and adjusting the angles and positions of various components. These cylinders are also employed for lifting and lowering heavy objects.

In the medical field, high-pressure cylinders facilitate the movement of wheelchairs and beds with their lifting and lowering functions.

The maximum thrust of high-pressure cylinders is designed according to the target load, and they operate across a wide range of temperatures, from low to high.

Principles of High-Pressure Cylinders

High-pressure cylinders consist of a motor, a gear head, and a ball screw, working together to achieve linear expansion and contraction motion. The rotational motion generated by the motor is transmitted to the gear head, causing it to rotate.

As the gear head is connected to a ball screw, the screw extends or retracts depending on the rotation direction of the head, thus adjusting the extent of expansion or contraction. A ball screw is a component comprising a nut or bearing ball attached to a threaded rod, allowing the conversion of rotational motion into linear motion.

This design enables precise control over parameters such as position and speed in linear motion. The motion is stable even at low speeds and transitions smoothly during acceleration.

Therefore, high-pressure cylinders can be reliably used for multi-point stopping and other precise control applications.

What Is a Dial Caliper Gauge?

A dial caliper gauge is a measuring instrument primarily used to measure inside and outside diameters and thicknesses. Its frame consists of various parts, making it a specialized instrument.

The contact part of the gauge extends from the dial, resembling the horns of a stag beetle in a “U” shape. This part is used for measuring dimensions by aligning the tip of the “U” with the appropriate measuring section on the object. Choosing a contact portion that matches the measuring section simplifies the measuring process.

Uses of Dial Caliper Gauges

First, select the suitable measuring element for the part to be measured from company catalogs. Next, set the dial caliper gauge on a model and adjust it to zero at the specified dimension. After removing the gauge from the model, touch it to the relevant measuring section of the workpiece to check the dimensional difference on the dial. The dimensions can be determined by the difference between the set dimension and the measured dimension.

Similar to dial indicators, calibration of the dial caliper gauge is essential and must be performed regularly using a specified method. Proper calibration ensures accurate dimensional readings on the dial.

Principles of Dial Caliper Gauges

Dial caliper gauges mainly consist of the dial gauge itself, a measuring element at the tip, and a frame (such as two U-shaped or L-shaped columns) connecting them. Their specialized shape allows for measuring parts that are inaccessible with standard dial indicators or digital calipers. Examples include measuring the outer diameter of a shaft in a complex interior, the concave radius of a cylindrical shape within an enclosed perimeter, or the thickness or height of a part where a height gauge cannot reach.

The frame has a fixed side and a movable side, allowing the tip of the installed dial gauge to move in tandem with the measuring element. This movement is then displayed as a dimensional difference on the dial gauge.

It is important to note that the direction of the frame’s movement may differ when the tip of the measuring element and the dial gauge touch the object. For high-precision measurements or when the contact between the measuring element and the workpiece is unstable, it is necessary to use an actual product model with known dimensions for zero setting, or to clarify measurement procedures and rules.

What Is an Eccentric Press?

An eccentric press is a type of machine tool that uses an eccentric shaft to convert rotational motion into vertical or horizontal motion. Also known as an eccentric-shaft press or a manual press, it is utilized for operations like cutting, drilling, and bending by attaching a die.

The term ‘eccentric’ in this context refers to the eccentric shaft that enables the reciprocating motion of the slide. This eccentricity is located at the position where it connects to the main shafts of the eccentric shafts (spindle).

Interestingly, the term ‘eccentric’ is also used to describe something unusual in action or character, a nod to the unique motion of the eccentric shaft.

Uses of Eccentric Presses

Eccentric presses are primarily used for press fitting and punching metal sheets. For instance, a die is custom-designed to match the stroke and the committal hole, then attached to the press to cut corners of thin steel plates, typically around 0.3 mm thick.

Some models feature a built-in stopper bolt for mid-stroke stopping, while others, often referred to as standard types, include adjustment bolts on both sides for precise control of the stroke height and other adjustments.

Principles of Eccentric Presses

Eccentricity, a mechanical concept often used in steam locomotives, involves converting the rotary motion of an eccentric shaft into a linear reciprocating motion. Eccentric presses operate on a similar principle: by turning a handwheel, the eccentric shaft’s rotary motion is transformed into a vertical stroke, enabling the press to work through a die.

While hand presses link the pressing motion to the raising and lowering of a lever, eccentric presses differentiate themselves by creating a continuous up-and-down motion akin to a piston. This motion, combined with a suitable die, facilitates the efficient cutting and punching of metal sheets.

Typically operated by a handwheel similar to manual sewing machines, eccentric presses are often found in the used equipment auction market. However, some specialized manufacturers also produce and sell large automated eccentric presses.

What Is a Cryopreservation Tank?

A cryopreservation tank is a specialized container used for storing biological samples at extremely low temperatures, typically between -60°C and -160°C. These tanks commonly use liquid nitrogen for cooling, maintaining temperatures as low as -196°C, although -80°C freezers can also be employed for cryopreservation.

The key advantage of cryopreservation is its ability to minimize sample degradation by halting biological reactions and enzymatic activities, thereby preserving sample quality for future experiments and analyses. However, the materials and durability of the container are crucial, as inappropriate materials can lead to damage at such low temperatures.

Uses of Cryopreservation Tanks

Cryopreservation tanks have varied applications across several fields:

1. Biological Research

In biological research, cryopreservation is essential for maintaining the viability of cells and tissues over extended periods. This method is also employed in biobanks for large-scale sample preservation, instrumental in disease research and personalized treatments.

2. Pharmaceutical Development

These tanks are vital in pharmaceutical development for preserving biological materials and intermediates, particularly crucial for temperature-sensitive biopharmaceuticals. Clinical trial samples are also often cryopreserved for later analysis.

3. Medical Care

Cryopreservation plays a significant role in organ transplantation, preserving organs like hearts and kidneys at very low temperatures to maintain their biological activity until transplantation. It also facilitates matching between donors and recipients by extending storage times. Additionally, it’s used in regenerative medicine for preserving harvested cells and tissues for future therapeutic use.

Principle of Cryopreservation Tanks

Cryopreservation tanks function by maintaining extremely low temperatures, primarily using liquid nitrogen or evaporators. The cold gas produced by liquid nitrogen’s evaporation helps maintain the low temperatures necessary for sample preservation.

These tanks are designed to minimize liquid nitrogen evaporation and ensure a tight seal, maintaining sample quality over prolonged periods. Selecting a tank involves considering the material compatibility with liquid nitrogen, the required temperature range, and the appropriate capacity for the intended samples.

What Is a Level Set?

A level set is a jig or tool used to secure a workpiece in a predetermined position for machining. There are many types of level sets, each designed according to the specific requirements of the workpiece.

The positioning of the workpiece in 3D space is based on the “3-2-1 rule,” which allows for precise positioning. This rule involves assigning three coordinate points to one plane as the reference plane, and two and one points to the other planes, respectively, in a three-dimensional XYZ coordinate system.

Level sets are installed following this “3-2-1 rule” as needed.

Uses of Level Sets

Level sets, named for their function, come in various shapes and materials to suit different applications. In machining, L-shaped workpieces and blocks are often made of metal or resin. On production lines, many workpieces are made of resin to prevent product damage.

The selection of shape and material for a level set depends on the required precision for positioning and the durability needed for production line applications.

Features of Level Sets

Since level sets are crucial for positioning accuracy, the materials used in their construction are carefully selected and crafted.

For example, a common specification for level sets is SS400 material with electroless nickel plating, featuring a plating thickness of 5 to 10 μm. “SS400” refers to a type of rolled steel sheet commonly used in general structural applications, characterized by a low carbon content (typically 0.15~0.20%). This low carbon steel cannot be strengthened by heat treatment, reducing the risk of heat-related issues.

Electroless nickel plating, known for its excellent corrosion and wear resistance, is often used for machine parts. The plating’s film hardness is highly beneficial if the thickness and other factors are properly controlled. It usually contains phosphorus, with three types available based on phosphorus content: low, medium, and high. Each type has distinct physical properties, and the medium phosphorus type typically contains 7 to 9% phosphorus.

What Is an Eccentricity Measuring Instrument?

An eccentricity measuring instrument is used to measure the eccentricity of rotating objects, such as rollers and motor shafts. Eccentricity refers to the distance between the center of rotation and the rigid center, which is the geometric center of the rotating object. In precision instruments with rotating parts, eccentricity is often designed to be zero, and any deviation can cause malfunctions. There are two typical types of eccentricity measurement methods: the transmission type, which measures using transmitted light, and the reflection type, which measures using reflected light.

Uses of Eccentricity Measuring Instruments

Eccentricity measuring instruments are crucial for the inspection and maintenance of equipment with rotating motors, such as machine tools, robot arms, and rollers. When selecting measuring instruments, factors like the measurement method, accuracy, and range must be considered.

Examples of eccentricity measurement applications include:

• Eccentricity measurement of the roller section in a rolling mill.
• Eccentricity measurement of the shaft in a lathe used in machine tools.
• Eccentricity measurement of a wafer rotating part in semiconductor manufacturing equipment.

Principles of Eccentricity Measuring Instruments

The principle of eccentricity measurement is divided into transmission and reflection types.

• Transmission Type
  Transmission type instruments consist of a light-emitting part with an element and a light-receiving part with a sensor. The rotating body to be measured is placed between the emitter and receiver. The light emitted is partially intercepted and transmitted by the rotating object, then received by the sensor. By high-speed sampling of the received light, the degree of runout is observed, and eccentricity is calculated. Some devices can measure eccentricity at multiple points for greater accuracy.
• Reflective Type
  Reflective instruments consist of a light-receiving sensor and a light-emitting element. During measurement, a laser-like light is shone on the rotating object, and the reflected light is received to measure eccentricity based on the deviation of the light period. This type is smaller in size and can measure from one direction. However, it may have higher error margins with thin objects, requiring careful application.

What Is a Common Mode Choke?

A common mode choke is a filter designed to reduce a specific type of noise known as common mode noise.

Common mode noise is noise that travels over power and signal lines, characterized by its flow from the reference ground, through the wiring substrate, and back to the reference ground.

The core component of a common mode choke is an inductor, which effectively interrupts the flow of this noise.

Common mode chokes are essential in noise suppression and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) measures for electronic equipment.

Uses of Common Mode Chokes

Common mode chokes are implemented in many electronic devices as part of EMC countermeasures, ensuring normal operation even under electromagnetic interference. EMC, or electromagnetic compatibility, refers to a device’s ability to neither emit nor be affected by electromagnetic interference. Such measures are critical in a wide range of electronic equipment, including home appliances, office automation equipment, and vehicle machinery.

Specifically, common mode chokes are utilized to eliminate common mode noise, as described below.

Principles of Common Mode Chokes

Conducted noise transmitted through power and signal lines is classified into two types: differential mode noise and common mode noise.

In an electrical circuit, the current generated in one part of the circuit passes through the load and returns through another path. This is known as differential mode, and noise that flows in this manner is called differential mode noise.

Conversely, in common mode, the current does not loop through the circuit but instead flows due to capacitance between the reference earth and the wiring on the board, returning to the reference earth from the opposite side.

High-frequency noise, in particular, can transmit as common mode noise due to lower impedance at these frequencies.

Common mode chokes are filters designed specifically to eliminate this type of noise. They consist of two conductors wound around a core. When currents flow in opposite directions (differential mode), their magnetic fluxes cancel each other out, and the choke does not filter. However, when currents flow in the same direction (common mode), the magnetic fluxes reinforce each other, acting as an inductor to filter out the noise.

What Is Urethane Lined Rollers?

Urethane-lined rollers are rollers covered with a thick layer of urethane.

Lining is a surface treatment in which the surface is covered with a material such as resin. Urethane-lined rollers use urethane rubber to line the metal inside the rollers, preventing metal-to-metal contact in conveyor systems and preventing wear and tear on the roller fittings.

Urethane is resistant to abrasion caused by friction. Therefore, urethane-lined rollers can be expected to function effectively over a long period of time and have a long service life. In addition, urethane’s elasticity and moderate flexibility allow it to absorb shock and protect the goods being transported.

However, urethane is generally sensitive to low and high temperatures. When used in extreme temperature environments, the performance and life of urethane linings may be affected.

Uses of Urethane Lined Rollers

Urethane-lined rollers are widely used in a variety of industries and applications due to their properties. The following are some examples of applications:

1. Printing Machinery

In printing machinery, rollers are used to apply ink or coating to printed materials as they are fed. Urethane-lined rollers enable uniform printing by feeding the printed material as it glides. In addition, the urethane’s abrasion resistance enables high-quality printing to be maintained over a long period of time.

2. Conveyor

Conveyor belt systems are used to automatically transport industrial products and goods. In this system, a conveyor belt rotates on rollers to transport goods.

Urethane-lined rollers can extend the life of the belt because the urethane’s abrasion resistance reduces belt slippage and wear. The elasticity of the urethane also absorbs shocks, thereby softening the impact of the goods being transported. This can improve system reliability and efficiency.

3. Food Industry

Food processing and packaging lines require hygienic and slippery rollers. Urethane-lined rollers are suitable for contact with food products and enable clean and smooth conveying. This ensures food quality and safety.

Principle of Urethane Lined Rollers

The principle of the urethane-lined roller is a mechanism in which a special synthetic resin called urethane is coated on the outside of the roller to take advantage of its excellent properties. Urethane, formally known as polyurethane, is a compound formed through the reaction of isocyanate and polyol components, creating urethane bonds.

It is characterized by a wide variation in hardness and strength, as well as excellent elasticity. Urethane rubber is also characterized by its simple raw materials and lack of additives. For this reason, urethane itself does not alter or adversely affect materials or substances that come into contact with it in rollers. This material is easy to use with rollers.

However, urethane rubber is not suitable for use in humid environments due to its low resistance to moisture and heat. In addition, care must be taken when using it in environments with temperatures exceeding 80°C (140°F). In such locations, select a lining roller made of urethane rubber with increased heat resistance.

How to Select Urethane Lined Rollers

Several important factors should be considered when selecting urethane-lined rollers. The following are examples of key factors:

1. Core Material

The core material of urethane-lined rollers is the central part that forms the interior of the rollers. Commonly, metals, especially aluminum and stainless steel are widely used. The selection of an appropriate core material is an important factor affecting roller stability and load-handling capability.

2. Urethane Hardness

Urethane hardness is an indicator of roller surface flexibility. It is generally expressed in terms of Shore hardness. The choice of hardness should be made in accordance with the operating environment and the nature of the material to be transported.

Harder urethanes are more abrasion-resistant, while softer urethanes are more shock-absorbent. For heavy loads, hard urethane is the best choice. However, softer urethane is often used for high impact.

3. Dimensions

Urethane-lined roller dimensions include roller diameter, width, and shaft hole size. It is important to select the appropriate dimensions for the equipment and conveyor system used. The thickness of the urethane lining should also be considered.

What Is a Small AC Motor?

A small AC motor is a compact electrical motor that operates using alternating current (AC). Commonly found in home appliances and industrial machinery, these motors convert electrical energy into mechanical rotational energy. Their compact size makes them suitable for use in limited spaces or small-scale equipment.

Small AC motors are known for their long-term reliability and cost-effectiveness, contributing to both energy efficiency and lower product costs. However, they are generally low-powered and may require protection against overloads.

Uses of Small AC Motors

Due to their versatility, small AC motors are utilized in various applications:

1. Home Appliances

They are integral in home appliances, such as in compressors of small refrigerators and fans of electric fans. Small AC motors are also used in personal care items like electric toothbrushes and shavers.

2. Electric Tools

In tools like electric drills, small AC motors enable high-speed rotation, enhancing drilling efficiency. Small AC motors also power electric saws and sanders, facilitating cutting and polishing tasks.

3. Office Automation Equipment

In office settings, these motors are crucial in printers for paper handling and scanners for smooth scanning operations.

Principle of Small AC Motors

Small AC motors are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical rotational energy. The principle of a typical small AC motor is based on electromagnetic induction and an interacting magnetic field. A type of motor called an induction motor is often used, and its main components are a rotor and a stator.

1. Rotor

The rotor is the rotating part of the motor, consisting primarily of conductors. Usually, a winding is wound around the rotor, but small AC motors commonly use a shorting ring made of aluminum, copper, or other conductive material. This short-circuit ring induces a current in the rotor.

2. Stator

The stator is the stationary part of the motor, consisting of coils wound around the rotor. These coils produce a magnetic field due to the current supplied by the AC power source.

How to Select a Small AC Motor

When selecting a small AC motor, consider the following factors. It is important to consider these factors to select the right motor for your specific application.

1. Power Supply Specifications

Check the power supply specifications required to operate the motor. The main elements are voltage, frequency, and number of phases. It is necessary to select a motor suitable for the power supply to be used.

2. Output

The output of a motor indicates the strength of the mechanical power provided by the motor. Select the appropriate output for the device or equipment to be used. Watts (W) are commonly used as the unit of measurement.

3. Rotational Speed

Motor speed is a measure of how many revolutions per minute a motor makes. Select the appropriate RPM for the application in which it will be used.

4. Size and Weight

The size and weight of a small AC motor are important factors depending on the motor’s application, installation space, and operating requirements. In general, the smaller the motor size, the easier it is to install and integrate into the equipment.

If space for motor installation is limited, it is important to select a motor with a compact size.

What Is an Antistatic Tube?

An antistatic tube is a tube designed to prevent static electricity build-up.

Traditional tubes, which lack antistatic properties, are often covered with conductive materials like metal wire or mesh. This method, while effective at preventing static build-up, can be labor-intensive and risks losing grounding if not properly applied. Moreover, metallic coverings are unsuitable for corrosive environments.

In contrast, antistatic tubes have inherent conductivity, eliminating the need for additional covering and addressing these challenges effectively.

Uses of Antistatic Tubes

Antistatic tubes are essential in environments where static electricity accumulation and spark generation pose risks, particularly when handling volatile organic solvents like acetone and thinner. They are commonly used in semiconductor manufacturing equipment for the safe transport of these solvents and gases.

Additionally, static electricity can disrupt electronic equipment. Antistatic tubes are also utilized in the transportation of liquids and gases in such sensitive environments.

Principles of Antistatic Tubes

Electrification is the creation of an electric charge imbalance within a material. It occurs due to contact, friction, or separation between materials. In tubing used for fluid transport, this charging happens due to the interaction between the fluid and the tube’s inner surface.

Conductive materials, like metals, allow electrons to move freely, promoting charge uniformity and dissipation. In contrast, insulating materials, such as certain plastics, hinder charge diffusion, leading to localized charging.

Fluoropolymers like PTFE and PFA, commonly used in tubing, offer excellent chemical and heat resistance. However, their high insulating properties make them prone to electrical charging.

When a tube becomes charged through contact or friction, it may not only generate sparks but can also be damaged by dielectric breakdown. Therefore, ensuring the electrical conductivity of tubes to prevent electrification is vital for safe fluid transfer.