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Tube Sealing Machine

What Is a Tube Sealing Machine?

A tube sealing machine is a device used to fill and seal tubes with liquid or paste products.

The liquid or paste product is stored in a tank or other containers, and a pump is used to fill the tube with a precise amount of product. The tubes are positioned accurately by clamps or holders and filled with the product. Finally, the tube is heated by a heater or pressurized to seal the opening and close it securely. The entire process is controlled using programmable controllers, microcomputers, and other control devices.

The tube sealing machine allows for highly precise, fixed-quantity filling of tubes, minimizing product waste. Additionally, its high filling and sealing speeds are advantageous for mass production. Automation reduces manual labor and operating time, making it an excellent device for improving productivity in product manufacturing.

Applications of Tube Sealing Machines

Tube fill-seal machines are used in the manufacture of a wide variety of products. They are particularly useful for products where hygiene is a priority, due to their ability to seal and close the tubes securely. The following are some examples:

1. Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals

In the cosmetics industry, tube sealing machines are used to fill skin care products such as creams and lotions, as well as makeup products. Since cosmetic products are in direct contact with the skin, maintaining product hygiene is essential. These machines provide high precision, ensuring uniform and safe products for consumers. They are also adaptable to individual products by changing formulations and control settings, which increases production efficiency.

In the pharmaceutical industry, topical medications and ointments are filled using tube sealing machines. The pharmaceutical industry requires stringent hygiene standards during manufacturing. Machine filling helps maintain a hygienic environment and ensures the product remains uncontaminated.

2. Food Products

In the food industry, tube sealing machines are used to fill tubes with sauces, mustards, pastes, and other products. These products are often mass-produced, and automation facilitates efficient manufacturing. The machine can maintain a consistent speed for mass production and can be adjusted to fill varying amounts of each product.

3. Industrial Applications

In the industrial sector, tube sealing machines are used to fill consumable products such as adhesives, sealants, and greases. These products are highly viscous and require careful handling. Sealing is critical to prevent leakage of chemical products, and ensuring the machine closes securely is essential.

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Lipstick Making Machine

What Is a Lipstick Making Machine?

A lipstick making machine is a device specialized in producing lipstick.

It automatically or semi-automatically performs a series of operations: mixing the ingredients required for lipstick, heating them to a predetermined temperature, pouring them into molds, cooling the mixture, and finally packaging the finished product.

A built-in heating system melts waxes and fats, while a mixer blends them. The filling machine applies pressure to the ingredients and pours them into molds, shaping the lipsticks to a uniform size. If necessary, a cooling machine is installed at a later stage to efficiently cool the product and ensure it reaches the appropriate firmness.

The process is significantly faster and more efficient than manual production. Products are produced based on demand, ranging from small-scale production to machines capable of handling mass production. Mechanization minimizes losses due to errors and variations in quality. Mass production also lowers per-unit manufacturing costs and improves profit margins.

Applications of Lipstick Making Machines

Lipstick machines are primarily used to manufacture lipstick, a cosmetic product. The following are some examples:

1. Product Manufacturing

The most common use of lipstick machines is to produce lipstick products. The machine handles the entire process, from mixing and melting the basic ingredients (such as wax and pigment) to molding, cooling, and final packaging. This allows for the production of lipsticks of consistent quality and shade in large quantities.

Lip balms and lip glosses can also be produced using lipstick machines. These may be in liquid or gel form, and although the use of filling and molding machines differs slightly from that of lipstick production, the basic process remains similar. In some cases, the product can be manufactured by adjusting the pigment or oil formulation.

2. Product Development

Lipstick machines are also suitable for small-batch production. They are useful for prototyping and small-lot production of new brands, as well as for creating limited-edition seasonal products. In the early stages of mass production, small-lot production of prototype products can help identify potential issues and refine the production process.

3. Customized Manufacturing

These machines are also used to create customized lipsticks in various colors and textures to meet the specific needs of brands and customers. The flexibility of lipstick machines allows for the production of special seasonal or collaborative products. Recently, there has been an increased demand for products made with organic and eco-friendly materials, and lipstick machines can also be used to manufacture products using naturally derived ingredients and unique formulas.

Pouch Filling Machine

What Is a Pouch Filling Machine?

A pouch filling machine is a device that fills liquid or packs products into flexible containers called pouches.

Pouches are lightweight, bag-like packaging materials made of film or other materials. They are widely used for various products due to their lightweight, easy handling, and flexible shape and size. Often made from plastic or aluminum-based film, they provide a tight seal around the contents and protect products from moisture and oxygen.

Pouch filling machines set up the pouch, inject a fixed amount of product, and seal it. Various models offer different functions and speed adjustments depending on the product type and pouch size. Hygiene is crucial, and most machines are designed for easy cleaning.

Pouch filling machines are ideal for high-volume production due to their high filling speed and precision. They improve production line efficiency and help reduce production costs. Their hygienic design makes them especially suitable for food and pharmaceutical production.

Uses of Pouch Filling Machines

Pouch filling machines are used in the following industries:

1. Food Products

In the food industry, pouch filling machines are used for liquid and semi-liquid products, such as beverages and soups. Beverage pouches are lightweight, portable, and convenient for consumers. Sauces and soups are often packaged in pouches with zippers or straws, which are highly popular.

2. Cosmetics

Pouch filling machines are used for shampoos, conditioners, and skincare products in the cosmetics industry. Shampoos are commonly sold in refill packs, offering consumers a convenient option. Gel skincare products like face masks, serums, and creams are also frequently packaged in pouches.

3. Industrial Products

For chemicals and industrial products, pouch filling machines package cleaning agents, solvents, and chemicals in small batches. Pouches improve handling by allowing users to dispense only the needed amount. Pouch packaging also enhances storage and transportation efficiency.

Principle of Pouch Filling Machines

A pouch filling machine consists of a pouch feeding section and a filling section.

The pouch feeding section supplies pouches to the machine. Some machines transport pouches on hangers, while others cut rolled film to form pouches. Sensors control the pouches’ movement toward the filling area.

The filling section meters products like pastes into the pouch. Liquid and paste products are filled under pressure using pumps and valves. For powder products, machines with weighers or vibrating feeders are also available.

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Hot Filling Machine

What Is a Hot Filling Machine?

A hot filling machine is a device that fills containers with liquid or gel products in a heated state. By heating the product to a high temperature, the growth of microorganisms is inhibited, extending the product’s shelf life. This process prevents oxidation and spoilage, maintaining the product’s quality. Additionally, a vacuum can be created in the container after filling, enhancing sealing effectiveness.

Uses of Hot Filling Machine

Hot filling machines are widely used in the following applications:

1. Food Products

Hot fillers play a crucial role in enhancing product shelf life in the food industry. Juices, iced teas, and smoothies are produced using hot filling, which controls microbial growth and maintains product quality for extended periods. Similarly, soups, sauces, jams, and other paste products benefit from this technology.

2. Health Care Products and Cosmetics

Hot fillers are also utilized for healthcare products and cosmetics. Nutritional and vitamin drinks can be hot-filled to ensure stable quality over time. Cosmetics such as creams and lotions are processed using hot-filling technology to suppress microbial growth and ensure safety. Additionally, medicinal syrups and extracts are often packaged using this method.

3. Industrial Products

Hot fillers are used for industrial products, such as automotive lubricants and industrial oils, to prevent oxidation and maintain quality for long-term use. Chemicals and solvents can also be processed at high temperatures to avoid deterioration.

Principle of Hot Filling Machine

A hot filling machine has three main components: a temperature controller, a filling head, and a container feeder.

1. Temperature Controller

The temperature controller heats and maintains the product at a predetermined temperature. It includes a built-in temperature sensor that monitors the product’s temperature. Based on sensor feedback, the controller uses steam or an electric heater to adjust the product to the desired temperature.

2. Filling Head

The filling head precisely dispenses the product into containers. To enhance productivity, multiple filling heads can be used to fill several containers simultaneously. Some filling heads also have a heating function to prevent the product from sticking.

3. Container Feeder

The container feeder supplies containers at regular intervals. It uses a positioning sensor to automatically align containers transported by a conveyor, ensuring accurate filling.

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Mold Rotator

What Is a Mold Rotator?

A mold rotator is a device used to invert heavy objects such as molds and large parts. It is often required because inverting heavy objects with a crane poses significant risks, making a dedicated mold rotator essential. Mold rotators are widely used in mold making, processing, transportation, and maintenance. In addition to heavy items, some mold rotators can handle lightweight boxes.

Uses of Mold Rotators

Mold rotators are industrial machines designed for inverting molds and other heavy objects. Their applications span various industries, including automotive manufacturing, plastic molding, material production, and logistics.

1. Molds

Mold rotators are frequently used in industries involving mold machining, inversion, assembly, insert changeovers, and maintenance. Typical applications include automotive parts, motor parts, plastic molding, and telecommunications equipment manufacturing.

2. Coiled Material

These devices are used to invert heavy coiled materials such as steel plate coils, electrical materials, and wire coils. They are suitable for a wide range of rolled materials used in manufacturing and processing industries.

3. Concrete Products and Product Materials

Mold rotators are applied to invert heavy concrete products, such as building materials and segments. They are also used in metalworking, steelmaking, and logistics for handling materials like metal rolls and other product components. For example, they may reverse paper agents in bookbinding or manage other industrial materials.

4. Machine Parts and Other Heavy Objects

These machines are widely utilized for inverting machine parts, such as components for industrial robots, machine tools, and injection molding machines. Additional applications include machining and assembling diesel engines, machine frames, steel products, safes, transformers, and control panels.

Principle of Mold Rotators

Mold rotators operate using hydraulic cylinders, electric motors, or other drive systems. Common designs include the flat type which is a flat structure that rises with bellows to invert objects. When not in use, it lies completely flat, allowing it to be embedded in the ground or mounted on vehicles.

Other types include the rolling type, which utilizes a rotating cylindrical structure, often maintenance-free with roller gears, and the crane-suspended type which rotates objects using a belt sling and can sometimes perform free rotation.

Typical rotation angles are 90° or 180°, with 180° often achieved by two 90° rotations. The choice of rotation method depends on the product and application.

Types of Mold Rotators

Mold rotators are available in various configurations to suit specific needs:

  • Flat Type: Easy to use and can be embedded in the ground or mounted on vehicles.
  • Rolling Type: Maintenance-free designs with roller gears.
  • Crane-Suspended Type: Allows for flexible rotation, ideal for specific industrial needs.

Load capacities vary, including options for 10t, 15t, 20t, and 30t. The appropriate type should be selected based on the weight and application requirements.

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Stone Veneer

What Is Stone Veneer?

Stone veneer is a thin stone sheet with a rocky surface that is lightweight and easy to install.

It is made by slicing natural stone into ultra-thin layers and combining them with a flexible backing material. This process makes it lighter and easier to handle than conventional stone, which is thicker and heavier and often requires more labor-intensive processing and installation. Stone veneer, being thinner (approximately 1 to 3 mm) and lighter, can be installed in various locations. It offers advantages in installation ease and cost-effectiveness while maintaining the natural stone appearance. Since it is made from natural stone, each piece has a unique pattern. Stone veneer provides a luxurious and natural feel that is easy to install, making it a popular choice for building materials.

Uses of Stone Veneer

Stone veneer is a versatile building material used for both interior and exterior applications. Below are some typical uses:

1. Use as Interior Decoration Material

Stone veneer is ideal for decorating interior walls and ceilings. It is especially popular in hotel lobbies, restaurants, and commercial facilities where a luxurious ambiance is desired. It is also used for accent walls in residences to easily incorporate the texture of natural stone. Waterproofed stone veneers can be applied to kitchen backsplashes and bathroom walls, bringing the elegance of natural stone into these spaces.

2. Finishing Material for Furniture and Fixtures

Stone veneers can be applied to furniture such as tables, counters, and cabinets, as well as store fixtures, to create a high-end design. Their lightweight nature also makes them suitable for refurbishing existing furniture.

3. Exteriors and Facades

Stone veneer is a suitable material for exterior walls and building facades due to the weather resistance of certain types. Its lighter weight compared to conventional natural stone reduces structural load, making it a practical and appealing choice for exterior applications.

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Powder Filling Machine

What Is a Powder Filling Machine?

A powder filling machine is designed to accurately and efficiently fill containers with a variety of powdered materials in specified volumes.

These machines are widely used across industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals to automate filling operations that are challenging to perform manually. By reducing labor costs and ensuring consistent quality, powder filling machines improve efficiency. Powders filled range from small particle powders like sugar and salt to larger particle powders such as coffee, and even lightweight, hygroscopic powders. Different types of powder filling machines are employed based on the powder’s characteristics. For instance, screw-type machines, which use a rotating screw to weigh a fixed amount, and volumetric machines, which use a measuring cup, are commonly used.

Applications of Powder Filling Machines

Powders are used in various industries, and because the size, properties, and handling requirements of powders vary, selecting the appropriate powder filling machine is essential. Below are some examples of applications:

1. Food Industry

In the food industry, powder filling machines are essential for packaging powdered food products such as flour, sugar, coffee powder, and spices. The automation of the filling process ensures consistent portions while minimizing the risk of foreign material contamination. This helps maintain high product quality and ensures customer satisfaction.

2. Pharmaceutical Industry

In the pharmaceutical industry, precision is critical when filling medicinal powders and nutritional supplements. Accurate weighing to the milligram is essential for maintaining the safety and efficacy of the product. Additionally, filling machines used in this sector are designed to meet clean room specifications to ensure safety and hygiene during the filling process.

3. Chemical Industry

Powder filling machines are also used in the chemical industry to fill products like detergents, pigments, and pesticides. In these cases, uniform quantities of powder must be filled into containers. Some chemical powders may be difficult to handle, requiring specialized equipment. For example, explosion-proof filling machines are sometimes used, with explosion-proof motors or air motors driving screw feeders to ensure safety in hazardous environments.

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3D Printing Service

What Is 3D Printing Service?

A 3D printing service provides manufacturing of designed 3D objects on a contractual basis.

Customers typically supply a 3D model, which is then used to produce the object with a 3D printer. These services allow for creating models of various sizes and scales customized to meet specific requirements without the cost and risk of installing 3D printing equipment.

3D printing services are especially useful for producing objects with complex geometries, such as internal structures and hidden details that traditional manufacturing cannot easily achieve. These services are also suitable for small production batches, offering efficient on-demand manufacturing when traditional methods are too time-consuming or expensive.

Uses of 3D Printing Services

3D printing services are utilized in various industries. Below are some common applications:

1. Construction Industry

3D printing services are used to manufacture building components by layering materials such as concrete and cement. This can reduce construction time and costs.

They are also ideal for producing complex designs and scale models for architectural projects.

2. Manufacturing Industry

These services are widely used in the automotive and medical device industries for custom parts production, such as aircraft engine components, automotive prototypes, and specialized medical devices. They enable cost-effective manufacturing of small-batch products.

With 3D printing, precision and quality are ensured, and design changes can be implemented quickly.

3. Art

In the art and design sectors, 3D printing services allow for the creation of intricate sculptures and three-dimensional works. This technology supports designs that are difficult to achieve with traditional methods, offering flexibility in artistic expression.

4. Toys

3D printing services are ideal for producing custom toys, such as personalized figures. This enables users to bring their creative ideas to life and create unique toys for themselves or their children.

Principle of 3D Printing Services

To use a 3D printing service, a digital 3D model is required. The model is created using CAD or similar software and converted into a compatible file format, such as STL.

After preparing the digital model, slicing software divides it into thin horizontal layers to guide the 3D printer’s operations.

The object is then produced by solidifying materials like plastic or metal, using methods such as UV curing for resin or laser sintering for metal powder. Between layers, cooling processes stabilize the structure.

Once all layers are completed, the object may undergo additional finishing, such as coloring or painting.

How to Select a 3D Printing Service

Several factors should be considered when choosing a 3D printing service. Examples include:

1. Materials

Confirm the materials the service provider offers, such as plastic, metal, or ceramic. Ensure the available materials meet your product’s requirements.

2. Options

Check for additional options like color customization and size adjustments. Verify with the service provider if your specific needs can be accommodated.

3. Delivery Date, Cost, and Quality

Ensure the service provider can meet your required delivery date. Pricing is generally based on material and design complexity but may vary by provider. Select a service that offers high-quality outputs at a reasonable price.

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Calibration Gas

What is Calibration Gas?

Calibration Gas is a standard concentration gas used to calibrate gas detection equipment and sensors.

It is used to adjust sensors so that gas measuring instruments display correct readings. It is used for gas detectors for city gas and other gases, as well as for CO2 concentration meters for environmental measurements. Various Calibration Gases are available, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, etc., depending on the device.

Gas detectors and other instruments need to be calibrated periodically to maintain instrument performance. This prevents false positives and avoids false alarms. In addition, periodic calibration is often required by law in some industries.

Uses of Calibration Gases

Calibration Gases are used in a variety of applications. The following are some examples

1. Chemical and Manufacturing Industries

Hazardous or explosive gases may not be used in chemical plants or manufacturing facilities. When these gases are used, gas detectors and sensors must be used to quickly detect gas leaks.

Calibration Gases are used to adjust these sensors to accurately measure gas concentrations. Calibration Gases are essential to ensure early warning in the event of a leak of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide or hydrogen sulfide.

2. Energy Industry

In the oil and gas industry, monitoring for gas leaks and managing explosion risks is critical. Oil refineries and natural gas handling facilities use sensors to monitor leaks of flammable and toxic gases. It is important to calibrate these sensors using Calibration Gases and to calibrate them to accurately measure gas concentrations.

3. medical care

In the medical industry, Calibration Gases are used in respiratory testing equipment and oxygen meters. As an example, anesthesia gas monitoring equipment is often calibrated with Calibration Gases to ensure that the proper gas concentration is detected.

Principle of Calibration Gas

Calibration Gas contains a pre-determined concentration of gas. This reference gas is a reference gas that contains the same substance as the gas to be measured by the target gas detection device or sensor. This is the mechanism used to adjust the settings so that the equipment functions properly.

Gas sensors measure gas concentrations through chemical reactions and physical changes within the sensor. For example, in semiconductor or electrochemical sensors, when gas molecules come into contact with the sensor surface, a chemical reaction occurs and an electrical signal is generated. By using a Calibration Gas, the sensor sensitivity can be adjusted to match the gas concentration.

Gas sensors can be calibrated for a zero point, which is indicated when there is no gas, and a span point, which is indicated when the sensor detects the maximum gas concentration. In zero-point calibration, the sensor is set to detect no gas and there is no reference gas. Span calibration uses a Calibration Gas of known gas concentration to check and adjust the sensor response.

The above calibration is a mechanism to adjust the gas detector and gas sensor to ensure accurate value measurement. Calibration Gases play an important role in maintaining the accuracy of gas detection instruments and providing accurate data.

Types of Calibration Gases

The following types of Calibration Gases exist

1. Carbon Monoxide

Carbon monoxide is a toxic and explosive gas and may be generated in chemical plants. Carbon monoxide is often monitored by carbon monoxide detectors because the generation and leakage of carbon monoxide can lead directly to personal injury. Carbon monoxide Calibration Gas is used to calibrate carbon monoxide sensors.

2. Nitrogen

Nitrogen gas is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere and is characterized by its inertness. It is often used to set sensor standards in a gas-free state, such as zero-point calibration. In some applications, it is mixed with other gases.

3. Nitrogen Oxides

Nitrogen oxides, also known as nox and other gases, are a source of air pollution. It is mainly generated by vehicle and factory emissions and is measured by environmental monitoring equipment. It is often measured simultaneously with sulfur oxides, which are generated for the same purpose.

4. Oxygen

Oxygen is a gas that is present at about 21% in the atmosphere and is a tributary combustion gas. Because oxygen is always needed in combustion equipment such as boilers, the oxygen concentration of exhaust gas is often constantly monitored. Oxygen analyzers are also used as a safety measure because low oxygen levels in the environment can be harmful to health.

グリースニップル

グリースニップルとは

グリースニップルの概要

グリースニップル (英: Grease Nipple) とは、グリース潤滑を行っている機械などに取り付け、グリースガンなどの給脂機器を使用しグリースを補給するために、給脂口 (注入口) として使用する部品のことです。

給脂とは、グリースなどの粘性のある半固形状 (ペースト状) の潤滑材を、機械などに補給することを指します。給油とは、液状のオイルなどの潤滑材を補給することです。

グリースニップルの使用用途

グリースニップルの使用用途

図2. グリースニップルの使用用途

グリースは潤滑剤の一種で、低速回転でも大きな荷重のかかるような箇所のローラーベアリング (転がり軸受) や、メタル、ブッシングの滑り軸受を使用している箇所に使用されています。グリースニップルは、このようなグリース潤滑を行っている機械や部品で、補給が必要な場合に取り付けられています。

一般的にグリース潤滑を行っている機械などは、組み立て時にあらかじめ規定量のグリースが充填されています。しかし、機械の運用時間の経過とともに、グリースは減量していきます。そのため、定期的なグリースの補給が必要です。

グリースニップルを取り付けることで、機械などを分解することなく機械外部から容易に給脂することができます。グリースの給脂が必要な個所は、作業性の良い場所もあれば、悪い場所もあります。

グリースの注入作業を想定し、作業性の良いグリースニップルを選定し使用することが必要です。そのため、グリースニップル先端部の形状は数種類あります。

グリースニップルの原理

グリースニップルの先端部は注入されたグリースが逆流しないように、逆止弁構造になっています。グリースニップル先端内部には、小さな鋼製のボールが組み込まれています。

ボールはスプリングによって常にボディに押し付けられ、グリースが漏洩しないよう封止するのが役割です。グリースの給脂は、グリースガンなどを使用し圧力をかけることで、グリースがボールを押し込み、注入口とボールの隙間からグリースが流入します。

グリースニップルの種類

グリースニップルは下記の規格などにより形状、寸法、材質などが規定されています。

  • JIS B1575: 2000 グリースニップル Grease nipples
  • ISO 6392-1: 1996 Earth-moving machinery -Lubrication fittings- Part 1: Nipple type

JIS B1575では、グリースニップルの種類は1~5形の5タイプあり、それぞれで材料が2種類 (表面硬化処理を含めると3種類) があります。

グリースニップルの種類と形状

図3. グリースニップルの種類と形状

1. グリースニップルの形状

  • 1・2形
    1・2形は、ストレートタイプで、取り付け用穴の中心と注入口は同軸で、グリースガンなどのホースに取り付けられている口金をまっすぐ押し当て注入します。1形と2形の違いは、取り付けねじ部のねじ仕様で、1形は平行ねじのM6x0.75で、2形はテーパねじのR1/8です。
  • 3形
    取り付け用穴の中心に対して、45°傾いて取り付けられています。
  • 4形
    取り付け用穴の中心に対して、65°~67.5°傾いて取り付けられています。
  • 5形
    取り付け用穴の中心に対して、90°傾いて取り付けられています。

1~5形のグリースニップルから、グリースガンのホースと口金が差し込みやすく作業性が良い形式を選定します。グリースニップルの外形寸法JIS規格により定められていて、口金差し込み部寸法は同寸法で共通です。JIS規格適合の口金付きのグリースガンであれば、メーカを問わずグリース補給が可能です。

2. グリースニップルの材質

グリースニップルの材質は下記2種類があります。

  • 鋼製 JIS G4051 S15C、S20C または JIS G4804 SUM22~SUM241
  • 黄銅製 JIS H3250 C3601~C3604

なお、JIS B1575では1994年の改定前に規定されていた従来形の形状及び寸法は「付属書3」に、また参考用にボタンヘッド及びピンタイプの形状および寸法は「付属書4」に記載されています。ボタンヘッドおよびピンタイプは、それぞれ専用の口金が必要になりますが、ニップルへの差し込みが容易で外れにくいのが特長です。

ボタンヘッドおよびピンタイプの形状

図4. ボタンヘッドとピンタイプの形状

グリースニップルは、主にグリース給脂 (減量した分を追加で補給すること) するとき以外は使用されることはありません。そのため、グリースニップルの開口部から粉塵などの異物が混入しないように、付属品としてキャップがあり取り付けることがあります。

グリースニップルのその他情報

グリースニップルの給脂方法

グリースニップルの給脂方法

図5. グリースニップルの給脂方法

グリースニップルへの給脂は、一般的にグリースガンを使用します。手動グリースガンはハンドルを握り往復動させグリスチューブ (グリースを収納しているチューブ) を加圧しグリースを注入させます。また、手動以外にも電動タイプもあります。

グリースガンにはタイプがありますが、タイプに関わらず、注油時のグリースニップルとグリースガン差し込み口の角度には注意が必要です。斜めになっていると正しく注油できず、注油口の隙間からグリースがあふれてきます。グリースニップルとグリースガン差し込み口は真っすぐになるよう注意して給脂を行ってください。

参考文献
https://neji-one.com/lineup/S0161001.htm
http://www.cup-kurita.co.jp/lib/index.html#l03
http://www.mekatoro.net/mechatro_parts/vol3/pdf/P06-065.pdf
http://kikakurui.com/b1/B1575-2000-01.html
https://jp.misumi-ec.com/vona2/detail/221000613678/