月: 2024年1月

What Is a Wheel Loader?

A wheel loader is a construction machine equipped with a bucket at the front, commonly used to load materials like soil and soft earth onto transport vehicles such as dump trucks.

With a large bucket, wheel loaders efficiently perform loading and leveling tasks. Equipped with tires, they can also self-propel for short-distance transport. Classified as a vehicle-type construction machine, it is also referred to as a tire shovel or tire dozer.

Wheel loaders come with a variety of attachments. By changing attachments according to the purpose, they can perform various tasks. Known for their maneuverability relative to their size, wheel loaders are among the most widely used construction machines on many job sites.

Uses of Wheel Loader

Wheel loaders have a wide range of applications due to their ability to change attachments. In addition to the construction industry, they are extensively used in snow removal, agriculture, forestry, and various other scenarios.

1. Construction Sites

On construction sites, wheel loaders are commonly used for loading materials like soil onto dump trucks. The large bucket enables efficient loading operations, allowing for more effective transport tasks compared to hydraulic shovels. Moreover, as wheel loaders have tire-driven mobility, they can self-propel for short-distance transport.

2. Snow Removal

In regions with snowfall, wheel loaders are widely employed for snow removal. By attaching an accessory called a snowplow, adjustments can be made to the angle and direction of snow discharge.

For driveways and large parking lots, wheel loaders with bucket attachments are more efficient than those without. During snow removal from parking lots, wheel loaders with bucket attachments load snow onto dump trucks for transport. Tire chains are essential when performing snow removal operations.

3. Agriculture

Wheel loaders are used in agriculture for tasks such as transporting and loading large quantities of materials like feed, compost, and soil. There are numerous agricultural attachments, including those suitable for gathering hay, grabbing and transporting rolled hay, and stacking. Wheel Loaders play a crucial role in agricultural operations.

4. Forestry

Equipped with fork attachments, wheel loaders are used for tasks like transporting timber and loading onto trucks. For tasks such as loading wood chips, which serve as biomass fuel or raw material for paper, larger buckets are typically attached for efficient operations.

5. Disaster Response

During disasters, the ground self-defense force utilizes wheel loaders for tasks like transporting soil, excavation, and leveling. In the ground self-defense force, they are referred to as bucket loaders.

6. Other Uses

Wheel loaders are also used in quarries, factories, and various other settings.

Features of Wheel Loader

Advantages

Wheel loaders have several advantages, including high mobility, ease of handling, and versatility across various scenarios.

1. High Mobility

Equipped with tires, wheel loaders boast exceptional mobility compared to other construction machines. They can smoothly perform transport tasks and easily move within job sites and on public roads.

2. Maneuverability

Wheel loaders have a pivot point slightly forward from the machine’s center, allowing the body to fold at that point. This folding mechanism provides excellent maneuverability, making them suitable for work in tight spaces or narrow roads. The folding design ensures that the front and rear wheels follow the same track, making it easy to drive.

3. Variety of Attachments

One notable feature of wheel loaders is the availability of numerous attachments. The wide range of attachments enables their use across various industries, making them one of the most versatile construction machines.

Disadvantages

While wheel loaders are highly versatile and widely used across various applications, they also have some disadvantages.

1. Limited Visibility

Wheel loaders suffer from poor visibility, especially to the rear. Although backup monitors are employed, blind spots are still a concern, requiring careful attention.

2. Tipping Hazard

When operating a wheel loader, caution is necessary to avoid tipping accidents. In soft ground conditions or during snow removal operations, the machine may tilt if the tires become buried, increasing the risk of tipping. Pre-operation checks of the ground surface safety are essential.

Types of Wheel Loaders

Wheel loaders are classified based on bucket capacity, and they come in various sizes. The size of the bucket affects the overall size of the machine, with bucket capacities ranging from 0.4 cubic meters to over 20 cubic meters.

The lineup caters to various needs, considering factors such as the size of the construction site and the scale of the project.

How to choose Wheel Loader

Selecting a wheel loader depends on the nature of the work and the location. With a diverse range of bucket capacities and sizes available, users can make choices that suit the type of work and the work environment.

For indoor operations, choosing a size that can maneuver in tight spaces is crucial for efficient operation.

Other information on Wheel Loaders

Qualifications and Licenses for Wheel Loader Operation

To operate a wheel loader, qualification and license are required.

1. Small Vehicle-Type Construction Machinery

For operating wheel loaders with a body mass of less than 3 tons, individuals must complete the “Special Education for Driving Operations of Small Vehicle-Type Construction Machinery.”

2. Vehicle-Type Construction Machinery

Operating wheel loaders with a body mass of 3 tons or more requires completion of the “Construction Machinery Driving Skills Training Course.”

3. Large Special License

Acquiring a large special license allows operation on public roads. The classification for large special vehicles includes those with a length of up to 12.0 meters, a width of up to 2.5 meters, and a height of up to 3.8 meters.

What Is a Hydraulic Shovel?

A hydraulic shovel, often seen on construction sites, is a machine equipped with a bucket (shovel).

It is used for digging and leveling the soil. Hydraulic shovels are also commonly referred to as excavators, backhoes, or shovel trucks. Many models of hydraulic shovels have caterpillar tracks at the bottom, allowing them to move stably on slightly uneven surfaces. Additionally, attaching a blade (dirt blade) to the bottom makes it easier to perform leveling tasks.

The operation of a hydraulic shovel is done using about six levers rather than handles. Qualifications are required to operate it during work, and there is often a noticeable difference between those familiar with adjusting the bucket and arm delicately and beginners. Skill is necessary to achieve a clean finish in tasks like leveling. Consequently, practice apps for operating these machines have also been developed.

Recent trends include models that can measure the weight loaded in the bucket and those capable of semi-automatic operation. Additionally, there is a preference for models with low fuel consumption and minimal noise.

Uses of Hydraulic Shovel

Hydraulic shovels are used in construction sites and agricultural work to dig or move soil with the bucket (shovel) portion. Moreover, by attaching different shapes to the bucket, they are employed in the demolition of buildings such as houses and commercial structures, as well as in the dismantling of industrial waste and other materials.

Types with powerful magnets attached to the bucket can attract metals like iron, aiding in metal recovery. Hydraulic shovels operate with significant force due to hydraulic movements, and by rotating only the upper part from the driver’s seat without moving the caterpillar tracks below, loading operations become easier even in narrow spaces.

Principles of Hydraulic Shovels

Hydraulic shovels have working oil pipes running through the driving parts, and the mechanism operates through the hydraulic pressure of the working oil, causing cylinders and motors to function. Initially, the diesel engine is powered, turning the hydraulic pump, which increases the hydraulic pressure of the working oil.

The working oil flowing from the pump is directed by the control valve in the desired direction, causing hydraulic cylinders or hydraulic motors to move, providing the power for rotation or propulsion. There are about six levers and pedals at the driver’s seat, controlling the flow of working oil through their manipulation, thus moving the hydraulic shovel.

While the operation is not overly complex, the numerous levers require careful attention to avoid mistakes. Additionally, the lever positions of the arm and bucket determine the effective operational range, so being conscious during work leads to increased efficiency.

Most hydraulic shovels use light oil as fuel, although specific models may have prescribed fuel requirements. Buckets come in various shapes, such as wide, narrow, flat-faced, or mesh types, depending on the intended use. When switching, it is necessary to standardize the type of hydraulic piping for attachment.

Types of Hydraulic Shovels

Hydraulic shovels come in various types and sizes for applications ranging from construction sites to agriculture and forestry.

1. Classification by Size

Those with a vehicle weight of 6 tons or less or a bucket capacity of less than 0.25 are referred to as mini hydraulic shovels. They are mainly suitable for excavation work in narrow spaces, such as water pipe construction, parks, and gardens. Other categories include medium hydraulic shovels and large hydraulic shovels.

2. Classification by Shape

Generally, they are classified into standard, general-purpose small machines, small swing machines, and rear ultra-small swing machines. The type with a smaller turning radius at the rear of the vehicle compared to the standard type is called an ultra-small swing machine or rear ultra-small swing machine and is used for excavation in narrow areas.

3. Classification by Special Specifications

Hydraulic shovels can perform various tasks, such as crushing, rock cutting, and dredging, by replacing dedicated attachments or exchanging the boom-arm extending from the vehicle with special specifications.

There are also specifications with remote control systems, making it possible to work in disaster sites or tunnel construction where danger is involved.

What Is a VoIP Gateway?

Traditionally, both in households and businesses, telephones have commonly relied on telephone lines, and many people continue to use them to this day.

On the other hand, in recent times, a calling technology utilizing internet connections, known as “VoIP” (Voice over Internet Protocol), has emerged and become widespread.

However, there is no compatibility between the communication through these telephone lines and the communication through internet connections.

To enable these different types of calls to communicate with each other, a device known as a VoIP gateway is used to connect the telephone line network and the internet network.

Uses of VoIP Gateway

VoIP, which dramatically reduces communication costs compared to traditional telephone lines, requires VoIP-specific PBX (Private Branch Exchange) and phones. However, many companies already use PBX and phones for telephone lines, and replacing them all would incur significant expenses.

Therefore, by placing a VoIP gateway between the internet connection and the PBX or phones for telephone lines, existing PBX and phones can be used for VoIP without replacing them. This allows the utilization of cost-effective communication lines without replacing existing facilities.

It is also possible to make calls through ISDN lines from IP phones connected to the internal LAN via the VoIP Gateway.

Principles of VoIP Gateway

When a call is initiated from a general telephone connected to a telephone line, the telephone first converts the voice into an electrical signal. If the recipient is using a VoIP phone, the VoIP gateway is connected, and this electrical signal is converted into IP packets. The IP packets are then restored to voice by the recipient’s telephone, allowing them to hear the conversation.

Conversely, when making a call from a VoIP phone, a similar process is carried out in reverse, enabling it to be heard on a general telephone.

What Is an Embedded PC?

An embedded PC refers to a computer system integrated into a device, designed for specific applications.

Embedded PCs are incorporated to achieve specific functions in machinery, devices, and other equipment. They find applications in a wide range of products requiring control, including industrial equipment, medical devices, and household appliances.

Uses of Embedded PC

Embedded PCs differ from general-purpose computers in several aspects:

• Long-Term Stable Supply: General-purpose computers undergo frequent model changes, making them unsuitable for industrial applications. Embedded PCs require long-term stable supply and support for components such as CPUs and operating systems (OS).
• High Reliability: Computers used for office tasks operate in relatively calm environments with moderate uptime and conditions. Concerns arise when applying them to industrial purposes due to the potential for malfunctions. Embedded PCs use durable and reliable components.
• High Environmental Resistance: Embedded PCs can withstand harsh environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, dust, vibration, electromagnetic interference, and possess waterproof capabilities.
• Troubleshooting Investigation: In case of malfunctions, thorough investigations are conducted on which component failed, why it failed, and whether the issue affects other products. General-purpose computers often rely on component replacement with insufficient investigation.
• Differences in Input/Output: Embedded PCs feature a greater variety of input and output options compared to general-purpose computers.

Specific Applications of Embedded PC:

• Factory Automation and Industrial Equipment: Robots, manufacturing machinery, inspection equipment, etc.
• Medical Devices: CT (Computed Tomography) scanners, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) machines, X-ray examination equipment, etc.
• Network Equipment: Servers, modems, communication control devices, etc.
• Measurement/Precision Instruments: Gas chromatographs, etc.
• Transportation Equipment: Railway vehicles, automobiles, etc.

Principles of Embedded PC

1. Differences from Microcontrollers

Microcontrollers, similar to embedded PCs, are mainly used in consumer electronics for specific and localized roles when integrated into devices. In contrast, embedded PCs oversee the entire device, coordinating connections with multiple microcontrollers within the device, interfacing with external devices, and facilitating communication with users to perform the intended operations.

2. Advanced Data Processing and Graphics Capabilities

Embedded PCs use operating systems like Windows or Linux, resembling general-purpose computers or servers. Integrating Embedded PCs into devices allows for advanced data processing and the use of high-dimensional graphics functions.

3. Replication of Skilled Worker Operations

The use of high-performance computers enables the mechanization and automation of delicate operations performed by skilled workers.

4. Collaboration with Design and Manufacturing Processes

In manufacturing processes, design using CAD (Computer-Aided Design) is prevalent. Computerizing devices allows for the direct integration of design data from CAD systems to manufacturing equipment, enhancing productivity.

5. Utilization in Medical Devices

In medical devices, embedded PCs manage data such as diagnostic and examination information, eliminating the need to carry patient records within the facility. Additionally, there are expectations for applications such as AI (Artificial Intelligence) -assisted diagnosis and advancements in highly specialized medical practices.

6. Risks of General-Purpose Computers

When equipment manufacturers adopt general-purpose computers for developing new models, these computers may have a short product lifespan and prove disadvantageous in terms of support. Therefore, many equipment manufacturers increasingly turn to computer specialists to develop dedicated embedded PCs.

Selection of Embedded PC

1. Processing Capability

Selecting a PC and software with sufficient processing power relative to the required specifications is paramount.

2. Environmental Considerations

It is crucial to thoroughly consider the environmental conditions of the device where the embedded PC will be installed. Factors such as operating hours, lifespan, temperature, humidity, vibrations, space, and connectivity with other devices need to be taken into account.

3. Long-Term Support

Since devices with embedded PCs are expected to operate for extended periods, the embedded PC must also have a long lifespan. Long-term support for the PC, especially in terms of component availability, is a critical factor.

4. Disaster Response

In times of disasters like earthquakes or typhoons, uninterrupted supply and service availability are essential requirements.

Trends in Embedded PC

1. Continuity

Continuity is indispensable for embedded PCs, allowing users to operate devices for extended periods. Long-life design and continuous component supply are essential.

2. Space Efficiency

As devices become more feature-rich, compact, and easily integrable PCs become advantageous. Enhanced PC performance and functionality are also necessary.

3. Standardization

A trend in embedded PCs ranges from expensive specialized units to cost-effective common models. Standardizing components used is also essential.

4. Utilization of AI Technology

AI technology is becoming widespread in the industrial sector. The integration of AI into embedded PCs allows for the analysis of large data from IoT sensors, self-diagnosis of device conditions, and improved precision in inspection devices.

What Is a Commercial Humidifier?

A commercial humidifier is a device designed to humidify large spaces, ensuring optimal humidity levels in areas such as offices, hospitals, stores, and nurseries.

Maintaining indoor humidity levels between 40-60% is considered ideal. Particularly in winter, indoor environments tend to become dry, increasing the risk of respiratory issues, viruses such as colds and influenza, and heightened pollen dispersion. Large-capacity humidifiers capable of humidifying places with a high concentration of people become essential in such scenarios.

Moreover, there are instances where rooms with specified humidity requirements, such as constant temperature and humidity rooms or measurement rooms, also benefit from humidification.

Uses of Commercial Humidifier

Commercial humidifiers are increasingly utilized in various facilities due to the growing emphasis on health-conscious practices.

• Medical and Welfare Facilities: Hospitals, clinics, elderly care facilities, etc.
• Office and Commercial Spaces: Offices, shops, restaurants, etc.
• Educational Facilities: Schools, kindergartens, training centers, libraries, etc.
• Factories: Printing factories, paper factories, control rooms, constant temperature rooms, etc.
• Exhibit Preservation: Museums and storage rooms
• Laboratories: Constant temperature and humidity rooms, measurement rooms, noise testing rooms, radio wave testing rooms, etc.

Principles of Commercial Humidifier

Commercial humidifiers employ various humidification methods, including vaporization, permeable membrane, steam, and water mist.

1. Vaporization Method

The vaporization method involves saturating porous materials such as filters with water and evaporating the moisture by passing air through them. While it has a low humidification capacity and consumes minimal electricity without a heater, it can lead to mold and bacterial growth, requiring frequent cleaning and filter replacement.

2. Permeable Membrane Method

In the permeable membrane method, only water vapor is released from a permeable membrane to humidify the passing air. It offers a high humidification capacity with low power consumption but requires regular cleaning of the permeable membrane.

3. Steam Method

The steam method involves heating water with a heater to produce steam for humidification. While it can humidify in large quantities, it comes with a disadvantage of high-power consumption. However, since it does not involve heating water, it prevents mold and bacterial growth. Regular cleaning is necessary due to the accumulation of scale. It operates independently of ambient temperature, ensuring stable humidification.

4. Water Mist Method

The water mist method includes ultrasonic and high-pressure spray types. Ultrasonic types create fine water particles by applying ultrasound to water, while high-pressure spray types eject water as a mist through nozzles. Despite providing a high humidification capacity with low power consumption, these methods can promote bacterial growth, necessitating regular cleaning. This method is relatively cost-effective.

5. Hybrid Method

The hybrid method combines multiple humidification methods to leverage their respective advantages. Examples include combinations of steam and vaporization or steam and ultrasonic methods, offering efficient humidification.

Types of Commercial Humidifier

Various types of commercial humidifiers are available.

Floor-standing types include fixed models and mobile types with casters. Types with automatic water absorption directly connected to the water supply eliminate the need for manual water supply.

Wall and ceiling-mounted types save space. Built-in devices and duct outlet types are aesthetically pleasing and are used in large-scale installations.

Selection of Commercial Humidifier

The selection of a commercial humidifier typically depends on factors such as the room’s floor area, humidification capacity, humidification method, and price.

1. Floor Area and Humidification Capacity

Humidification capacity is indicated by the amount of water vapor released per hour at room temperature 20°C and humidity 30%. Guidelines for humidification capacity are:

• Floor area: Wooden structure 30m2, prefab 50m2 … Humidification capacity of about 1,000ml/h
• Floor area: Wooden structure 50m2, prefab 80m2 … Humidification capacity of about 1,500ml/h
• Floor area: Museums, factories, commercial facilities with a floor area of 100m2 or more … Industrial humidification devices

2. Humidification Method

Humidification method selection is based on humidification capacity, power consumption, maintenance, compatibility with air conditioning systems, and price. While the water mist and permeable membrane methods provide high humidification with low power consumption, they require frequent maintenance. The steam method, using heater heating, is the most hygienic but has the drawback of high-power consumption.

3. Other Features

As commercial humidifiers have a high humidification capacity, it is essential to check the water supply method. For tank water supply, check water capacity, ease of removal, and installation. Automatic water absorption directly connected to the water supply is convenient and requires less effort.

Types that use DC motors for fan motors can reduce electricity costs.

Size is crucial; choose based on the installation location. Wall-mounted types that do not require floor space are also available.

Some products come with functions beyond humidification, such as air purification, sterilization, and antibacterial features. Additional features like humidity display, timer, and child lock can be convenient when in use.

What Is a Steam Dryer?

A steam dryer is a drying machine that utilizes steam to heat and dry processed materials.

Numerous rotating hollow discs, tubes, drums, casings, etc., pass steam through them to heat and dry the processed materials articulately. It is characterized by efficient heat transfer and substantial heat capacity. Commonly used for drying industrial waste such as sludge, sake lees, and pressed residue, as well as raw materials like ores and wood, the dried products are recycled as new raw materials.

Uses of Steam Dryer

The applications of steam dryers are rapidly expanding.

1. Reduction and Fuelization of Industrial Waste Sludge

Sludge generated from various factory water treatment facilities contains 60-85% moisture even after dewatering, and the higher the moisture content, the higher the disposal cost. By drying the sludge to around 10-30% moisture with a steam dryer, the volume of waste sludge is reduced, leading to a reduction in processing costs.

For organic waste sludge, effective utilization as fuel is possible. Examples include wood chips, coffee grounds, tea leaves, soybean meal, livestock manure, food residues, residues from vegetables and fruits, and byproducts of aquatic processing.

2. Feed and Fertilizer Production

Breweries produce byproducts such as sake lees and whisky lees during the manufacturing process, which become industrial waste. These byproducts contain abundant nutrients and fertilizer components. By using a steam dryer to reduce their moisture content to 10-30%, they can be easily handled as a powdery substance, allowing for effective use as feed and fertilizer.

3. Food Drying

Steam dryers are used for drying food items such as seaweed and shiitake mushrooms.

4. Applications in Industrial Raw Materials

Steam dryers are used in various applications, including recycling, sterilization, drying of resins, drying of inorganic minerals and fertilizers, drying of coke oven-inserted charcoal in steel mills, and sludge drying. They are also used for drying copper ore, iron ore, iron oxide, gypsum, incineration ash, soda ash, and more.

Principle of Steam Dryer

Steam dryers perform indirect drying using steam as a heat source. When gaseous steam condenses into a liquid during heat exchange, it generates significant latent heat. This heat is used to heat and dry the processed materials. The evaporated liquid from the processed materials, along with a small amount of carrier gas, is then expelled externally.

The moisture content of the dried product can be adjusted in two ways. One method involves changing the steam pressure to alter the drying temperature, and the other involves changing the rotation speed of the dryer’s axis. Adjusting the residence time of the processed materials in the dryer allows for moisture content adjustment.

Steam dryers use saturated steam as a heat source and combine conductive and convective heat transfer for efficient drying. Due to their low-temperature drying, even high-moisture organic waste can be heated and dried without altering its composition.

After drying, the product can be used as fuel, fertilizer, soil conditioner, feed, etc. While a steam dryer is used for drying wood using hot air, controlling factors such as the airflow path, temperature, and velocity is crucial. This process can reduce the time required for natural drying from 3-4 months to approximately 7-10 days.

Other information on Steam Dryer

1. Characteristics of Steam Dryer

Steam dryers have several characteristics:

1. Low Exhaust Volume

Due to being an indirect heating type, the exhaust gas volume is extremely low, resulting in compact exhaust gas treatment and deodorizing equipment.

2. Energy Efficiency

High thermal efficiency allows for reduced running costs.

3. Easy Operation

Capable of handling significant changes in processing volume and moisture content, making operational management easy.

4. Others

The high stirring effect minimizes moisture deviation, ensuring a uniform drying product. The system is sealed from the external environment, preventing gas leaks from the interior and external air inflow, making liquid recovery easy, and minimizing the use of carrier gas.

2. Types of Steam Dryer

Dryers are classified into direct heating and indirect heating types based on the utilization of the heat source. They are further categorized into natural circulation, forced circulation, and vacuum drying based on the air circulation method.

Steam dryers, for the most part, adopt the forced circulation method as an indirect heating type. They are further divided into disc type, tube type, drum type, chamber type, etc., based on the type of heat exchange part.

1. Disc Type

A shaft with numerous discs is installed inside a cylindrical shell. The discs, shaft, and shell are hollow, and steam is passed through to heat the entire shell. The shell is rotated, and the processed material introduced into the shell is dried and discharged from the shell exit. There is a method to prevent the adhesion of sticky processed materials by changing the rotation speed of multiple disc shafts.

2. Tube Type

Numerous tubes are arranged inside the shell. Steam is passed through, and the entire shell is rotated to dry the processed material inside the shell. Continuous operation is possible.

3. Drum Type

Steam is passed through a rotating drum, and the processed material adhering to the outer surface of the drum is dried, and the dried material is scraped off.

4. Chamber Type

Processed materials are placed in a drying chamber, and steam-heated drying air is directed at the processed material for drying. This is used for batch processing, such as wood drying.

What Is an Antibacterial Coating?

Antiviral antibacterial coating, hereafter referred to as antibacterial coating, is a method of applying special materials to object surfaces to inhibit the growth of viruses and bacteria. The mechanism of antibacterial action varies among products.

Unlike sterilization or disinfection, which temporarily eliminate or remove microbes, coating surfaces with antibacterial materials prevents the growth of viruses and bacteria on these surfaces.

Application of Antibacterial Coating

The primary method of application is spraying the material using a spray gun. It is essential to thoroughly clean the surface before treatment to ensure optimal adhesion of the coating.

In budget-restricted scenarios, application may be limited to high-contact areas such as handrails or doorknobs.

Common Applications
Buildings frequented by people, like offices, commercial buildings, hotels, restaurants, cinemas, stadiums, schools, medical and welfare facilities, residential homes, and public transport vehicles like trains and buses, often receive antibacterial coating treatments.

Principles of Antibacterial Coating

The materials used in antibacterial coatings vary, with titanium dioxide and silver being popular choices.

1. Titanium Dioxide

Titanium dioxide, a widely used photocatalyst in antibacterial coatings, generates reactive oxygen species under light exposure, breaking down viruses and bacteria into harmless substances. Although ultraviolet light typically activates photocatalysts, modern advancements have led to visible light-responsive variants suitable for indoor use.

2. Silver

Silver ions (Ag⁺) are known for their antiviral, antibacterial, deodorizing, and mold-resistant properties. They are commonly used in deodorants and are safe for use in various products, including dishes. Since titanium dioxide’s effectiveness depends on light, silver is often used to augment its effects, as it does not require light exposure.

Other Information on Antibacterial Coating

1. Effectiveness of Antibacterial Coating

The application of antibacterial coating offers several benefits:

• Antibacterial Effect: Spraying surfaces forms an antibacterial layer, providing lasting antibacterial, antiviral, and deodorizing effects.
• Durability: While traditional disinfectants may last for a few hours, antibacterial coatings continuously suppress the proliferation of viruses and bacteria for 1 to 5 years, reducing the need for frequent disinfection.
• Antiviral Effect: Coated surfaces have shown significant reductions in viral presence, including the new coronavirus, under light exposure.
• Bacterial Processed Products: Antibacterial products limit bacterial growth on surfaces, reducing their impact on humans without affecting the natural microbial ecosystems of the skin.

2. Safety of Antibacterial Coating

Antibacterial coatings are tested for human safety through various measures, including acute oral toxicity, skin irritation, and mutagenicity tests.

Products with the SIAA certification mark have passed these tests, aligning with the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry’s guidelines, ensuring their safety.

What Is a Soundproof Room?

A soundproof room is constructed with soundproofing materials, vibration damping materials, and sound-absorbing materials.

• Soundproofing material: Blocks sound by reflecting it.
• Vibration damping material: Suppresses vibrations generated by sound.
• Sound-absorbing material: Prevents reverberation noise caused by sound reflection.

These three elements are essential in designing a soundproof room, and soundproof panels used on the walls and ceiling of the soundproof room are made by combining these materials.

Additionally, a soundproof room is a sealed space that requires ventilation and heat dissipation. Therefore, ventilation openings are provided in the soundproof room, and ventilation is carried out using exhaust fans. To prevent sound leakage, a silencer duct is installed. The silencer duct, much like a muffler in a car, allows air to pass through but has sound-damping features.

Types of Soundproof Rooms

1. Noise Control Soundproof Room

Pumps, blowers, various machine tools generate significant noise. These devices are enclosed in a soundproof room to prevent noise from escaping. In factories and facilities, there are guidelines for noise control to prevent noise disturbances and environmental measurement results need to be evaluated for each management category.

[Design Criteria]

Simply enclosing the noise source in a soundproof room does not guarantee effectiveness. The sound waves from noise sources are diverse, and various factors such as installation conditions, ventilation volume, heat generation, workability, maintainability, budget, and the impact of vibrations must all be addressed. By measuring the characteristics of the noise source using sound level meters or vibration meters, the required sound insulation volume is determined, and the design is carried out.

2. Acoustic Measurement Soundproof Room

Manufacturers use soundproof rooms to measure the sound of gears, motors, and speakers for production and development purposes. Unlike noise control, the purpose here is to prevent external sounds from entering the soundproof room. Instruments like sound level meters are used for measurements. To measure small sounds, it is necessary to create an environment quieter than the sound being measured.

[Design Criteria]

The sound insulation volume and sound absorption performance are set according to the noise level generated by the object being measured and the sound pressure level for each frequency. Additionally, the shape, size, and required equipment may vary based on measurement methods such as the distance from the source to the microphone receiving point and the installation method of the object being measured.

What Is a Round Die for Threading?

A round die, commonly referred to as a dice, is a tool utilized for cutting threads. It features cutting blades in the grooves of a tool designed to cut male threads.

While the formal name is “round die for threading,” variations include angular dies, spiral dies, and dies for tapered pipe threads. Unlike taps, which are used for processing male threads, dies are essential for crafting female threads.

This tool is primarily used for threading the external surfaces of various metal round bars and is integral in manufacturing bolts and small screws.

Historically, taps and dies were used in roughly equal quantities. However, current trends show a dramatic decrease in die usage, with a ratio of approximately 1 to 2 dies for every 100 taps. This decline is attributed to the exclusive use of taps for processing internal male threads, while various methods exist for cutting external threads, including the use of dies.

• Lathe cutting
• Thread rolling with round or flat dies
• Thread grinding machines with grinding stones

Uses of Round Dies

Dies can be manually operated by fitting handles and cutting threads while turning. They are also compatible with automatic lathes, machining centers, and engine lathes.

There are two primary types of dies: solid and adjustable. Adjustable dies may have an adjusting screw for size modification or use a wedge for dimensional adjustments. However, dies without adjusting screws can present challenges in maintaining thread cutting stability and accuracy.

Previously, skillfully adjusting adjustable dies to achieve precise thread cutting was a hallmark of expert craftsmanship. Nowadays, such craftsmen are increasingly rare, and using solid dies in machine threading often results in more consistent thread accuracy due to reduced friction.

Principles of Round Dies

When employing dies for threading, they are mounted onto holders or handles. There is no explicit basis for the numerical values of outer diameter and thickness concerning the nominal size.

Although the combination of outer diameter and thickness is consistent across thread types, solid dies for tapered pipe threads are an exception. For these, the thickness required to meet the predetermined lengths from the pipe end to the reference diameter and the effective thread portion differs from the standard thickness concerning the outer diameter for parallel threads.