月: 2023年4月

What Is an Onboard Camera?

Onboard cameras are devices typically installed in automobiles to capture images and data while driving.

These cameras come in various forms and functions, primarily aimed at enhancing driving safety and situational awareness around the vehicle. Some advanced models also offer driver assistance features like obstacle detection, lane departure warnings, and automatic parking assistance.

Therefore, onboard cameras are crucial for vehicle safety and play a significant role in advancing automated driving technologies. For designers and purchasers in the automotive industry, selecting and integrating the appropriate onboard camera is vital for developing next-generation vehicles.

Uses for Onboard Cameras

Given their functionality and versatility, onboard cameras have become integral to modern automobiles, serving in various applications.

1. Parking Assistance

Parking, a challenging aspect of driving, is made less stressful with onboard cameras. They provide rear and top views, aiding drivers in accurately judging distances to surrounding obstacles.

2. Accident Recording

An onboard camera serves as a reliable tool for documenting accidents or collisions, offering valuable evidence for insurance claims or police reports. Its footage is often crucial in determining the cause and responsibility of an incident.

3. Driving Record

These cameras also help record daily driving, useful for analyzing and improving driving habits or providing evidence during specific incidents or disputes.

4. In-Vehicle Surveillance

Beyond driving assistance, onboard cameras are used for in-vehicle surveillance to deter theft and record behavior within cabs and delivery industries, as well as monitor passengers in shared vehicles.

5. As Part of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems)

An onboard camera can be an essential component of ADAS, supporting features like lane departure warnings, forward collision alerts, and pedestrian detection. These systems aim to augment driver reaction times and prevent accidents.

Principles of Onboard Cameras

Onboard camera systems are categorized into monocular and stereo systems.

1. Monocular Camera System

A monocular system uses a single camera to estimate distances to objects based on image coordinates. Despite being cost-effective and compact, these cameras traditionally had a higher margin of error, which has been reduced with advances in image processing technology.

2. Stereo Camera Method

Stereo systems utilize two cameras for object recognition, employing triangulation to measure distances and create a three-dimensional view of the scene. This process includes pre-processing, image transformation, matching to estimate disparity (using methods like SGM and SAD), and triangulation.

Types of Onboard Cameras

The functionality and application of onboard cameras dictate their variety. Key types include:

1. Front Camera

Located at the vehicle’s front, it expands the forward field of view, detecting obstacles, lanes, traffic signals, and pedestrians, thereby informing the driver.

2. Rear View Camera

Placed at the rear, it captures conditions behind the vehicle, improving safety during parking by offering views not visible in the rearview mirror.

3. Side View Camera

Mounted on the vehicle’s sides, it covers blind spots, enhancing visibility during lane changes or at intersections.

4. All-Round Camera System

A combination of multiple cameras around the vehicle provides a 360-degree view, facilitating parking and maneuvering in tight spaces.

What Is an EV Battery?

An EV battery, also known as a storage battery or rechargeable battery, is installed in electric vehicles and can be repeatedly charged and discharged. The capacity and performance of these batteries are crucial, as they determine the cruising range per charge and the maximum power output of EVs.

EV battery types include lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. Currently, lithium-ion batteries are the most common due to their high energy density, high capacity, and cost-effectiveness.

Uses of EV Batteries

EV batteries are used in two distinct applications:

The first is the drive battery, which provides the primary power for driving the vehicle. High-capacity lithium-ion batteries are typically used for this purpose in modern EVs.

The second is the auxiliary battery that powers systems such as lights and audio equipment, similar to traditional combustion engine cars, providing 12V DC electricity. Lead-acid batteries are generally used for these auxiliary functions.

Principle of EV Batteries

Most EV batteries on the market today are lithium-ion based. These batteries are composed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte. The reversible movement of lithium ions between the electrodes during charging and discharging allows for their repeated use.

Lithium-ion batteries come in three main shapes: cylindrical, pouch, and prismatic.

Cylindrical: Despite being less common in automotive applications due to spatial inefficiency, cylindrical batteries are used by companies like Tesla for their low cost and high energy density.

Pouch type: Pouch batteries are wrapped in a thin laminated film and are known for being space-efficient and powerful. They are considered promising for future applications and are used in vehicles like the Nissan LEAF.

Prismatic type: This compact and thin design is well-balanced in terms of mechanical strength, energy density, and size, making it a popular choice for in-vehicle applications. Major automakers like Toyota use this type of battery.

What Is Vinyl String?

Vinyl string is a term referring to ropes made of synthetic fiber.

Vinyl string exhibits various properties depending upon the material. These synthetic fiber-based ropes offer superior strength, water resistance, and chemical resistance when compared to natural fiber ropes like cotton and hemp. However, they may lack heat resistance, abrasion resistance, and UV resistance in some cases.

Different materials like polyester and vinylon are used to make vinyl strings, each addressing specific drawbacks. Therefore, understanding the material composition is crucial before selection. The thickness and construction of vinyl string significantly influences its strength and susceptibility to kinking.

3-strand 3-ply rope, known for its strength, is particularly prone to kinking. Consequently, kink-resistant varieties like crossed rope or braid are widely used.

Uses of Vinyl String

Vinyl string is primarily used for packing and cargo handling, but serves diverse purposes depending on the material. For instance, PP (polypropylene) rope, known for its strength, affordability, and water resistance, is popular in the fishing industry and general cargo handling. On the other hand, PE (polyethylene) rope, lightweight, water-resistant, and strong, yet hard and slippery, is suited for agricultural nets and interior applications. Polyester ropes, with excellent abrasion, weather, and water resistance, in addition to strength, is ideal for lifelines and lifesaving ropes.

Features of Vinyl String

Vinyl string comes in various types, each with unique features. The primary advantages include strength, superiority to natural fibers, excellent abrasion resistance, and resilience against tearing. It also boasts significant water, chemical, and mildew resistance, enhancing their overall durability. Recent advancements in recycling technology have made vinyl string more environmentally friendly.

However, a notable disadvantage is that most vinyl string does not decompose naturally and need proper disposal. If neglected in the field, it can persist undecomposed, potentially causing damage to agricultural machinery.

Types of Vinyl String

The most commonly used materials for vinyl string are:

1. Nylon

Nylon is renowned for its exceptional strength, friction and shock resistance, and slight water absorbency.

2. Polyester

This durable rope is resistant to acids, alkalis, and seawater, and boasts excellent weather and abrasion resistance.

3. Polypropylene (PP)

PP is cost-effective, strong, and lightweight, but vulnerable to ultraviolet rays. Some rope is treated with color to mitigate this issue.

4. Polyethylene (PE)

PE is lightweight, water-resistant, and strong, but also hard and slippery.

5. Vinylon

Vinylon is known for its strength, durability, and ease of use. However, it tends to harden when dried after getting wet. It is used in a wide range of applications.

How to Select Vinyl String

The selection of vinyl string depends on the intended use, which varies with the material.

1. Nylon

Thin nylon is used for decorations, nets, and leads, while thicker versions serve purposes like climbing, slings, and towing.

2. Polyester

Thin polyester is suitable for binding, whereas thicker ropes are used in fishing, maritime activities, and as main lines.

3. Polypropylene

Thin PP rope is ideal for decoration and bundling, while thicker ones are utilized in cargo handling, fishing, and marine applications.

4. Polyethylene

PE rope, both thin and thick, is employed in agriculture, horticulture, and netting, with the thicker variants also used in fishing.

5. Vinylon

Thin vinylon rope is apt for tents, tarps, and bundling, whereas thicker ones are preferred for cargo handling and main lines.

What Are Garden Shears?

Garden shears, essential for maintaining plants, flowers, and other garden vegetation, are primarily categorized into hedge trimmers, pruning shears, and trimming shears. Each type, including a variety of planting scissors, serves specific purposes.

Hedge trimmers typically feature a large, symmetrical ring handle that comfortably fits fingers, facilitating ease of use.

Pruning shears are akin to hedge trimmers but are distinguished by a spring attached to the handle, which keeps the blades open and reduces effort during cutting. In contrast, hedge trimmers lack such a spring, thus requiring less force for cutting. This design provides better control of the blade edge and minimizes fatigue during extended use.

Uses of Garden Shears

Pruning shears are vital for trimming garden plants, ideally used for cutting thin branches up to 10 mm in diameter.

Hedge trimmers vary in blade lengths and thicknesses, as well as handle shapes and sizes, catering to different gardening needs. They are commonly used for general garden plant pruning.

What Is Rubberized Spray?

Rubberized spray is a specialized coating designed for use on rubber and various other materials. Comprising synthetic resins, organic solvents, and pigments, it forms a protective rubber film when applied. This film not only protects but also revitalizes the surface, and it can be easily removed once dried.

Uses of Rubberized Spray

Rubberized spray is primarily used to extend the life of rubber products by preventing cracking, hardening, and sticking. It cleans rubber surfaces and prevents dirt from re-adhering. When applied to aging rubber items, it can restore their original elasticity. For instance, applying it to engine belts can reduce squeaking noises. Beyond rubber products, its versatility extends to applications on metal, resin, concrete, glass, stainless steel, and wood, making it suitable for a wide range of uses in automotive, agricultural equipment, motorcycles, aerospace, electrical medical equipment, leisure goods, and household applications.

What Is an Inner Fleece?

An inner fleece is a type of mid-layer clothing designed to provide heat insulation in cold environments. Made of fleece material, it traps air to reduce heat loss, maintaining the temperature close to the body. Typically worn under a jacket, it’s recommended to wear an underlayer beneath inner fleece to manage perspiration effectively.

Uses of Inner Fleece

Inner fleeces are ideal for use in cold conditions, such as winter mornings, high altitudes, and areas with chilly winds, like riversides or seashores. They are particularly effective when combined with a durable outer jacket, protecting against dirt and vegetation. Their flexibility allows for easy movement, reducing physical strain during extended outdoor activities. Additionally, they offer the convenience of quick temperature regulation by simply removing the fleece when the body heats up from work or sunlight.

Fleece garments are essential for those working or spending extended periods outdoors in cold conditions, providing both warmth and flexibility.

What Is Soil Enrichment?

Soil enrichment is the process of enhancing soil quality to optimize it for crop cultivation. This crucial aspect of agriculture involves preparing and amending the soil well in advance of planting, typically about a month prior, to ensure that it meets the specific needs of the crops to be grown.

Uses of Soil Enrichment

Soil enrichment aims to create a soil environment that is ideal for crop growth. Ideal soil characteristics include moisture retention, effective drainage, high fertility, balanced nutrient content, a healthy microbial ecosystem, and a soft, crumbly texture. Using the right soil enrichment materials can help achieve these characteristics, thereby improving plant growth and resilience against pests and diseases.

Common soil enrichment materials include organic compost like cattle manure, which enhance both water retention and drainage while also contributing to soil fertility.

How to Select and Use Soil Enrichment Materials

Choosing the right soil enrichment materials involves considering the specific needs of your crops and the current condition of your soil. Different materials offer varied benefits, and by selecting materials that align with your soil’s needs, you can create an optimal growing environment for your crops.

It’s important to apply these materials well in advance of planting to allow time for them to integrate with the soil and start providing their benefits.

What Is Garden Fertilizer?

Garden fertilizer is a specialized product designed to provide essential nutrients for the robust growth of garden plants and trees. In natural environments, plants typically receive necessary nutrients from the material cycle in the ecosystem. However, cultivated plants in gardens often experience nutrient deficiencies, making the application of garden fertilizer crucial for their growth and health.

Uses of Garden Fertilizer

Garden fertilizer is primarily used to supplement nutrients that are scarce in the soil, ensuring that garden plants grow larger and stronger. Typically, gardeners apply fertilizer twice a year: once as a “winterizer” during winter and again as a post-harvest fertilizer at the end of the flowering and fruiting season. This schedule ensures plants receive the necessary nutrients for robust growth.

Types of Garden Fertilizers

There are two broad categories of garden fertilizers: organic and inorganic.

1. Organic Fertilizers

Derived mainly from plant and animal sources, like chicken manure and oil cake, organic fertilizers decompose slowly in the soil and are gently absorbed by plant roots.

2. Inorganic Fertilizers

These chemically produced fertilizers contain essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potassium. They are known for their fast-acting properties and are also referred to as chemical fertilizers.

How to Select Garden Fertilizers

Choosing the right garden fertilizer involves considering the specific needs of the plants and their growth stage. The type and timing of fertilizer application are critical for achieving the best results.

Features of Garden Fertilizers

Pros

Garden fertilizers provide essential nutrients that are critical for plant growth and health. Proper fertilization can significantly enhance the growth and vitality of garden plants.

Cons

Incorrect use of fertilizers, such as improper timing or amounts, can lead to stunted growth or even damage to the plants. It is crucial to understand the specific needs of each plant and apply fertilizers accordingly.

Other Information on Garden Fertilizers

How to Apply Garden Fertilizer

The application of garden fertilizer varies based on the plant type and the desired outcome. Common methods include prime fertilizer (at planting time), cold fertilizer (in winter), “thank you” fertilizer (after flowering/fruiting), budding fertilizer (during budding), fall fertilizer (early autumn), top-dressing (around the pot), and water fertilizer (liquid form). It is important to follow specific guidelines for each method to avoid damaging the plants.

What Is a Truck Bed Mat?

A truck bed mat is a protective covering placed in the bed of a truck to prevent damage and provide a non-slip surface. These mats are commonly used in agriculture and other industries where frequent transportation of equipment and materials is required.

Uses of Truck Bed Mats

Truck bed mats are used for various purposes, including providing a non-slip surface for transporting tools, machines, and containers. They also protect the truck bed from scratches and damage caused by cargo.

Features of Truck Bed Mats

Pros

• Protects the truck bed and extends its life.
• Provides a non-slip surface, enhancing safety during transportation.
• Available in various materials and thicknesses to suit different needs.

Cons

• Some mats may restrict sliding of containers, making loading and unloading challenging.
• Rubber mats might emit a strong odor and require time to dissipate.
• May deteriorate over time, especially in frequently used areas.

Types of Truck Bed Mats

Synthetic Rubber Truck Bed Mats

Synthetic rubber mats offer excellent heat, oil, and abrasion resistance, and are odorless compared to natural rubber. They come in various thicknesses and surface textures.

Resin Truck Bed Mats

Resin mats are lightweight, breathable, and resistant to electricity and chemicals, though they have lower heat resistance and impact durability.

How to Select Truck Bed Mats

Choose a mat based on the type of cargo and the required level of protection. Consider the weight of the cargo, the need for non-slip properties, and ease of maintenance when selecting the mat’s material and thickness.

How to Use Truck Bed Mats

Before installing a truck bed mat, ensure the bed is clean to prevent scratches. Regular maintenance and cleaning of the mat are essential to prevent rust and deterioration. When cutting the mat to fit, use appropriate tools for precision and safety.

What Is Floratape?

Floratape is a specialized tape for artificial flowers and horticulture, designed to secure artificial flower stems and bouquets.

Made from crepe paper, it is notably soft and elastic, with adhesive properties that strengthen when stretched. Primarily green to mimic natural stem colors, floratape comes in various shades of green as well as white, brown, and pink, catering to different design needs.

It is readily available at handicraft stores, home centers, and increasingly at dollar stores.

Uses of Floratape

Floratape’s applications include creating stems for artificial flowers, assembling bouquets, and floral arrangements. It os also effective for reinforcing or repairing fresh flower stems and securing stem-like wires.

Beyond floristry, floratape is utilized in crafting hair ornaments, boutonnieres, and accessories, with a selection of widths, colors, elasticity, and adhesive strengths to match various creative needs.

Features of Floratape

Advantages

Its glue-free design bonds through stretching and wrapping, making it user-friendly for beginners. The range of colors and widths allows for customized selection to match stem colors and arrangement styles.

Disadvantages

While its stickiness is a feature, it can leave a residue on hands or attract dust. To mitigate this, a less sticky variant of floratape can be chosen, or applying a light dusting of baby powder may reduce tackiness. However, applying powder before completion may affect the tape’s performance.

Types of Floratape

Floratape is available in a variety of widths, colors, elasticities, and adhesive strengths. Specific versions offer high water absorbency for fresh flowers or water resistance for preserved flower arrangements.

How to Select Floratape

Selection criteria include width, color, and functionality to suit the specific needs of your project.

1. Width

Use a standard 12 mm width for general arrangements, a thinner 6 mm for small flowers or accessories, and wider options for larger flowers or reinforcement for added stability.

2. Color

Choose colors that complement the stems or add desired accents. Starting with basic greens is a safe choice for beginners to avoid a mismatch.

3. Functionality

Consider elasticity, adhesiveness, and water properties based on the application. Opt for soft and stretchy tapes for ease of use and better adhesion. Select water-absorbent tapes for fresh flowers needing hydration and water-resistant tapes for preserved flowers.

How to Use Floratape

To use floratape, bundle the flowers without straining them and wrap the tape around while stretching it to approximately double its original length for optimal adhesion. Secure the top tightly and then roll downward to ensure a neat and durable finish.